Polymer Probes And Methods

ABSTRACT

A polymer detection probe is provided that includes a binding module that specifically binds to at least one polymer and a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable. The binding module can be a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The reporter module can be a fluorescent protein. A complex is provided that includes a probe specifically bound to a pulp or paper product including at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer. A pulp or paper product is provided that includes at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer and at least one probe bound thereto. Methods are provided that employ a lignocellulosic probe. A method of detecting a lignocellulosic polymer or other type of polymer is provided. A method of determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on pulp or a paper product is also provided. A method of determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product is further provided.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/246,231, filed Oct. 26, 2015, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to detection, characterization, and quantification of specific polymers, for example, lignocellulosic polymers such as polysaccharides, in biomass, and further relates to detection of any polymer, such as oligosaccharides, for instance, for a variety of uses as described herein.

In the field of pulp and papermaking, industries rely on a number of physical, chemical, and biological treatments to enhance the value of their product. Treatments include, for example, mechanical shearing (refining) of the fibers to help develop desired paper properties. Currently, there is no practical way to predict the outcome of such treatments without a thorough analysis of pulp and paper properties. Such an analysis involves pilot or industrial scale trials that are costly and time-consuming.

Current methods for polymer detection and fiber surface characterization include, for example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM); time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). These techniques involve specialized equipment, specific expertise, and lengthy manipulation and interpretation. These techniques also do not distinguish between cellulose and hemicellulose. Other approaches have been developed for indirect detection of polymers based on the use of dyes, for example, acrydin orange and phenanthren. They have been successfully used for studying plant cell morphology, but they employ sophisticated microscopes and are not quantitative. Still other techniques detect hemicellulose using antibodies raised against representative molecules. However, such antibodies are expensive and only detect a segment of polymers that resemble the molecules used for antibody production. If the exact epitope recognized by a particular antibody is not found or accessible, then the polymers will not be detected. Antibody techniques are lengthy and also involve use of secondary antibodies.

Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are a group of molecules specialized for biomass polymer detection. CBMs are proteins optimized for specific detection of various targets, for example, carbohydrates such as crystalline cellulose and xylan. In order to detect binding of such CBM to biomass, one can attach a reporter dye to it. Such techniques involve microscopy. However, none of these methods have been successfully used for rapid characterization of fiber surface polymers that would enable the prediction of the impact of various treatments on pulp or paper.

Accordingly, there is a need for better materials and methods for detecting lignocellulosic polymers in biomass, and for the detection, in general, of polymers, such as oligosaccharides, in various applications.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

A feature of the present invention is to provide materials and methods for detecting and measuring lignocellulosic polymers in biomass, such as in a time and cost effective manner.

Another feature of the present invention is to provide materials and methods for determining the effectiveness of industrial treatments on pulp or paper before, during, and/or after a particular treatment is applied.

A further feature of the present invention is to provide materials and methods for determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product indirectly based on the presence and/or content of lignocellulosic polymers in the pulp or the paper product.

An additional feature of the present invention is to provide materials and methods for simultaneously measuring the presence and/or amounts of multiple, different lignocellulosic polymers in biomass independent of separate or sequential testing procedures.

A further feature of the present invention is to provide materials and methods for detection of any polymer, such as one or more oligosaccharides.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the present invention. The objectives and other advantages of the present invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the description and appended claims.

To achieve these and other advantages, and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the present invention, in part, relates to a lignocellulosic polymer detection probe including a binding module that specifically binds at least one lignocellulosic polymer and a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable. Either or both of the modules can include a polypeptide. The binding module can be a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The reporter module can be a fluorescent protein. The probe can contain a plurality of probes with each probe specific to a particular lignocellulosic polymer and each probe containing a unique fluorescent spectral profile.

The present invention also relates to a complex including a probe specifically bound to a pulp or paper product including at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer.

The present invention further relates to a pulp or paper product including at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer and at least one probe specifically bound thereto.

The present invention also relates to method of detecting a lignocellulosic polymer. The method can include contacting the probe with a biomass material, and measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one lignocellulosic polymer in the biomass material.

The present invention further relates to a method of determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on pulp or a paper product. A lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can be contacted with a pulp or a paper product. The specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product can be detected. The amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product can be calculated. The effectiveness or need of an industrial treatment on the pulp or paper product can be determined based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected.

The present invention also relates to a method of determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product. A lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can be contacted with a pulp or a paper product. The specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product can be detected. The amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product can be determined (e.g., calculated). The at least one physical property of the pulp or paper product can be determined based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected.

The present invention further relates to a polymer detection probe. The probe can have, for example, one or more characteristics or functions of the lignocellulosic polymer probes described herein, overlapping characteristics or functions, or different characteristics or functions. The polymer detection probe can include, for example, a binding module that specifically binds to at least one polymer (e.g., oligosaccharides or other saccharide polymers) and a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable. A complex is provided including the probe specifically bound to a material including at least one surface available polymer.

The present invention also relates to a method of detecting a polymer (e.g., oligosaccharides or other saccharide polymers). A probe of the present invention can be contacted with a material. A property associated with the reporter module can be measured to determine the presence or absence of at least one polymer in the material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one polymer. The detection or non-detection has a number of applications as described herein.

The materials and methods disclosed herein enable rapid and simultaneous detection of various lignocellulosic polymers at the surface of fibers used in pulp and paper, for example, cellulose and hemicellulose using fusion proteins. Signal patterns can be correlated to various changes in pulp and paper properties. The methods enable prediction of various treatments impact on paper properties. Such prediction allows for rapid and accurate choice of treatment, dosage, and/or other conditions for a given target, for example, conditions leading to a paper with higher burst index, a pulp with higher drainage rate, and/or the optimal xylanase concentration for bleaching boost. The methods enable optimal use of chemical, enzymatic, or physical treatments alike. The methods can be used in any industry based on wood biomass.

Further, the present invention has many applications. The effect of any relevant chemical, physical, or biological treatment that has an impact on fiber polymer exposure or distribution or hydrolysis on pulp and paper properties can be determined or predicted. For instance, an enzymatic sequence for optimizing pulp refining can be determined or predicted. Xylanase treatment for boosting bleaching can be optimized. Degradation of hemicelluloses when hydrolyzing biomass can be monitored. Production conditions for purified cellulosic materials, for example, nanocellulose or filaments, can be optimized by monitoring the presence of amorphous cellulose versus crystalline cellulose using the methods of the present invention.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and intended to provide a further explanation of the present invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of an example of polymer detection using the probes of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an expression vector of the pet11A-eGFP (eGFP reporter module).

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an expression vector of the pet11A-mCherry (mCherry reporter module).

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an expression vector of the pet11A-mOrange2 (mOrange2 reporter module).

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an expression vector of the pet11A-eCFP (eCFP reporter module).

FIG. 6 is a SDS-PAGE example of purified fluorescence proteins. The arrow highlights the protein of interest.

FIG. 7 is an SDS-PAGE example of purified CBMs. The arrow highlights the protein of interest.

FIG. 8 is an example of a graph depicting emission spectra of reporter modules (eGFP and mCherry) and of a pulp handsheet disk after excitation at 549 nm.

FIG. 9 is an example of emission spectra of FPs (eGFP and mCherry) and a pulp handsheet disk using an excitation wavelength of 488 nm.

FIG. 10 is an example of a schematic diagram of a pET11A-eGFP-CBM3a expression vector (Probe 1).

FIG. 11 is an example of a schematic diagram of a pET11A-mCherry-CBM4-1 expression vector (Probe 2a).

FIG. 12 is an example of a schematic diagram of a pET11A-mCherry-CBM17 expression vector (Probe 2b).

FIG. 13 is an example of a schematic diagram of a pET11A-mOrange2-CBM15 expression vector (Probe 3).

FIG. 14 is an example of a schematic diagram of a pET11A-eCFP-CBM27 expression vector (Probe 4).

FIG. 15. is a SDS-PAGE example analysis of Probes 1 to 4. From left to right: Probe 1, Probe 2a, Probe 2b (not used here has a higher affinity to amorphous cellulose than Probe 2a), Probe 3 and Probe 4. Shown on the left side of the last four gels is a standard size ladder allowing estimation of sizes for proteins migrated on the same gel.

FIGS. 16A-16D are examples of graphs of excitation (dashed) and emission (full) spectra of the FP-CBM proteins for probes 1, 2b, 3, and 4, respectively.

FIG. 17 is an example of a graph of binding saturation from a solid state depletion assay using Probe 1.

FIG. 18 is an example of a schematic diagram describing a probe-binding experiment on a paper disk.

FIG. 19 is an example of a graph of fluorescence intensity (FI) of reporter module (eGFP) alone bound to untreated and cellulase-treated pulp (after two levels of refining).

FIG. 20 is an example of a graph of fluorescence intensity of Probe 1 bound to untreated and cellulase-treated pulp (after two level of refining).

FIG. 21 is an example of a graph showing the impact of PFI refining on the quantification of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets.

FIG. 22 is an example of a graph showing the impact of cellulase-treatment on the quantification of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets.

FIG. 23 is an example of graph depicting quantification (μg/mm²) of Probe 1 bound on the surface of xylanase-treated handsheets.

FIG. 24 is an example of a graph depicting quantification of crystalline cellulose (μg/mm²) on the surface of PFI refined handsheet produced at two different plants.

FIGS. 25A-25D are examples of graphs depicting correlations between crystalline cellulose quantification using Probe 1 (μg/mm²) and pulp 2/paper physical properties as a function of refining energy (PFI revolutions) including, respectively, tear index (mN m²/g), tensile index (N m/g), internal bond strength (J/m²), an fibers mean length (mm).

FIGS. 26A-26D are examples of graphs depicting correlations between crystalline cellulose quantification using Probe 1 (μg/mm²) and pulp 1/paper physical properties as a function of refining energy (PFI revolutions) including, respectively, tear index (mN m²/g), tensile index (N m/g), internal bond strength (J/m²), an fibers mean length (mm).

FIG. 27 is an example of a graph depicting fluorescence intensity of Probe 3 bound to xylan at the surface of five different paper disks including, respectively, UBKPR: Unbleached Kraft pulp (pulp 2), UBMP: unbleached mechanical pulp (pulp 5), BMP: bleached mechanical pulp (pulp 6), UBKP: unbleached Kraft pulp (pulp 3), and BKP: bleached Kraft pulp (pulp 4).

FIG. 28 is an example of a graph depicting fluorescence intensity of Probe 3 bound to xylan at the surface of untreated and xylanase treated Pulp 4 (BKP) paper.

FIG. 29 is an example of a graph depicting fluorescence intensity of Probe 4 (eCFP-CBM27) bound to mannan at the surface of two different paper disks—unbleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 3, UBKP) and bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4, BKP).

FIG. 30 is an example of a graph depicting fluorescence intensity of Probe 4 bound to mannan at the surface of mannanase-treated bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4, BKP) paper.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention in part relates to a lignocellulosic polymer detection probe including a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one lignocellulosic polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable. Any suitable binding module and reporter module can be employed. A given probe can vary with respect to the number and/or kind of binding module and reporter module. A probe can contain a single binding module and a single reporter module. A probe can contain more binding modules than reporter modules, more reporter modules than binding modules, or an equal number of binding modules and reporter modules. A probe can contain from one to three, one to five, one to ten, or more binding modules and/or reporter modules. Each binding module can specifically bind a particular lignocellulosic polymer or a particular subset of lignocellulosic polymers.

The lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can include at least one probe polypeptide. All or part of a probe can be constructed from a polypeptide(s). Polypeptides are understood to contain proteins including the standard twenty amino acids modified in whole or part. One or more non-standard amino acids can replace or be used in addition to one or more standard amino acids. The polypeptides can be constructed by chemical synthesis or using molecular biological expression systems whether in vitro or in vivo. Any suitable expression system can be employed, for example, prokaryotic expression systems, eukaryotic expression systems, plasmid based expression systems, chromosomally integrated expression systems, or any combination thereof. Modification can be done synthetically, via post-translation modification in an expression system, or both. Any suitable modification can be employed, for example, phosphorylation, sulfonation, fluorination, acetylation, addition of carbohydrate groups, addition of lipid groups, addition of nucleic acids, addition of polynucleotides, addition of other amino acids, addition of other polypeptides, addition of synthetic organic molecules, addition of inorganic groups, or any combination thereof.

The binding module can be or include a binding module polypeptide. The reporter module can be or include a reporter module polypeptide. The binding module and reporter module polypeptide can be directly or indirectly connected to each other. For example, the binding module polypeptide can be fused directly to the reporter module polypeptide. The binding module polypeptide can be linked to the reporter polypeptide covalently, for example, via a linker polypeptide. The linker can be of any suitable length, for example, at least one amino acid, from 2 to about 2,000 amino acids (residues), from about 5 to about 1,000 amino acids, from about 10 to about 500 amino acids, from about 25 to about 250 amino acids, from about 50 to about 100 amino acids, or more than 2,000 amino acids. The linker can include a molecule other than or in addition to a polypeptide, for example, a carbohydrate, a polynucleotide, a lipid, a synthetic organic small molecule, a non-naturally occurring polymer, a metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the binding module and reporter module can be cross-linked using formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or both. The connection or attachment between the binding module and the reporter module can be an ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, solvent-excluding interactions, or any combination thereof. The connection or attachment can include at least a covalent bond to ensure that the reporter module is tethered or otherwise stably attached to the binding module.

The probe polypeptide can be or include, for example, an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12, or a combination thereof; encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11, respectively. The binding module polypeptide can be or include, for example, an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22; encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21, respectively. The reporter module polypeptide can be or include, for example, an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 24, 26, 28, and 30; encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of 23, 25, 27, and 29, respectively. Histidine tag sequences can be omitted from the sequences for the probes, binding modules, and/or reporting modules, for example, if purification methods do not employ a nickel column.

The probes of the present invention are advantageous as they can function independent of, without including, or without using an antibody or a polypeptide including an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody. Neither the binding module polypeptide nor the reporter module need be or include an antibody or a fragment thereof. Either the binding module polypeptide or the reporter module can be or include an antibody or a fragment thereof. Both the binding module polypeptide and the reporter module can be or include an antibody or a fragment thereof. Even if a binding module is not an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the binding module can still bind a target with the specificity of an antibody. The binding of the binding module to its target lignocellulosic can occur under conditions similar to or different from the binding of an antibody to its antigen. Binding can be performed under any suitable conditions that increase specific binding of a binding module to its desired target(s), and decrease, minimize, or prevent non-specific binding of the binding module to non-targets. Binding can be assisted by the presence of one or more additional factors, for example, probe concentration, ions, for example calcium ions, ionic strength, pH, and/or temperature, and the like. Both, neither, or just one of the binding module and reporter module can be or include a polypeptide of any kind. Binding modules and/or reporter modules can be or include nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids, synthetic organic groups, and/or inorganic groups instead of or in addition to polypeptides. For example, polynucleotides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, esters, sterols, and/or non-naturally occurring polymers can be used. Binding modules and/or reporter modules and/or other portions of a probe can contain any suitable type or number of molecules, for example, molecules described herein.

Any suitable reporter module or combination of reporter modules can be used in the probes and methods of the present invention. For example, the reporter module in whole or part can be fluorescent. The reporter module can have any suitable fluorescent excitation and emission spectra. The reporter module can have a unique excitation spectrum and/or excitation peak maximum. For example, the reporter module can have a fluorescence excitation peak (maximum) of, for example, lower than 300 nm, from about 300 nm to about 750 nm, from about 350 nm to about 700 nm, from about 400 nm to about 650 nm, from about 350 nm to about 400 nm, from about 400 nm to about 450 nm, from about 450 nm to about 500 nm, from about 500 nm to about 550 nm, from about 550 nm to about 600 nm, from about 600 nm to about 650 nm, from about 650 nm to about 700 nm, greater than 700 nm or any intervening range (for example, a 1-3 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, or 25 nm range) or value. The reporter module can have a unique emission spectrum (±1 nm, or ±3 nm, or ±5 nm) and/or emission peak maximum (±1 nm, or ±3 nm, or ±5 nm). For example, the reporter module can have a fluorescence emission peak (maximum) of less than 350 nm, from about 350 nm to about 800 nm, from about 400 nm to about 750 nm, from about 450 nm to about 700 nm, from about 350 nm to about 400 nm, from about 400 nm to about 450 nm, from about 450 nm to about 500 nm, from about 500 nm to about 550 nm, from about 550 nm to about 600 nm, from about 600 nm to about 650 nm, from about 650 nm to about 700 nm, from about 700 nm to about 750 nm, greater than 750 nm, or any intervening range (for example, a 1-3 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, or 25 nm range) or value.

The reporter module can include any number or type of fluorescent moieties. For example, the fluorescent moiety can be or include a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a polysaccharide, a small organic molecule, a metal, a coordination complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the reporter module can be or include a fluorescent protein or a combination of fluorescent proteins. The fluorescent protein can be or include an ultraviolet fluorescent protein, a blue fluorescent protein, a cyan fluorescent protein, a green fluorescent protein, a yellow fluorescent protein, an orange fluorescent protein, a red fluorescent protein, a far-red fluorescent protein, a near infrared fluorescent protein, an infrared fluorescent protein, a sapphire-type fluorescent protein, a long Stokes shift fluorescent protein, a switchable fluorescent protein, or any combination thereof. The fluorescent protein can be or include, for example, Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof. Reporter modules other than fluorescent reporter modules can be employed in addition to or in the alternative to fluorescent reporter modules. For example, antibodies, antibody fragments, radioisotopes, dyes, synthetic organic molecules, phosphorescent molecules, enzymes, or the like, or any combination thereof can be used. Reporter modules described in Knox P. J. (2012) Methods in Enzymology, volume 510, 233-245, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, can be used. The accessible primary amines of binding modules, for example, CBMs, can be labelled using a reactive dye that contains a tetrafluoropheneyl ester moiety (Invitrogen).

Any suitable binding module or combination of binding modules can be used in the probes and methods of the present invention. For example, the binding module can be or include a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) including CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a, CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM7, CBM8, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM13, CBM14, CBM15, CBM16, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM22, CBM23, CBM24, CBM25, CBM26, CBM27, CBM28, CBM29, CBM30, CBM31, CBM32, CBM33, CBM34, CBM35, CBM36, CBM37, CBM38, CBM39, CBM40, CBM41, CBM42, CBM43, CBM44, CBM45, CBM46, CBM47, CBM48, CBM49, CBM50, CBM51, CBM52, CBM53, CBM54, CBM55, CBM56, CBM57, CBM58, CBM59, CBM60, CBM61, CBM62, CBM63, CBM64, CBM65, CBM66, CBM67, CBM68, CBM69, CBM70, CBM71, or a family member thereof, or any combination thereof. Binding specificities can be or include those of particular CBM families or specific CBM family members, for example, CBM1 (cellulose), CBM2 (cellulose), CBM3 (crystalline cellulose), CBM4 (amorphous cellulose), CBM5 (chitin), CBM6 (cello-oligosaccharides, laminarins, xylooligosaccharides, beta1,4,-beta1,3-mixed linked glucans), CBM8 (cellulose), CBM9 (crystalline cellulose), CBM10 (cellulose), CBM11 (cellulose), CBM12 (chitin), CBM13 (cellulose, xylans, mannose), CBM14 (chitin), CBM15 (xylans and xylooligosaccharides), CBM16 (cellulose and glucomannans), CBM17 (amorphous cellulose), CBM18 (chitin), CBM19 (chitin), CBM20 (starch), CBM21 (glycogen), CBM22 (mixed β-1,3/β-1,4-glucans), CBM23 (mannans), CBM24 (α-1,3-glucan), CBM25 (alpha-glucooligosaccharides and granular starch), CBM 26 (starch), CBM27 (beta-1,4-mannooligosaccharides, carob galactomannan, and konjac glucomannans, mannans), CBM28 (amorphous cellulose, cellooligosaccharides, and β-(1,3)(1,4)-glucans), CBM29 (mannans and glucomannans), CBM30 (cellulose), CBM31 (β-1,3-xylans), CBM32 (galactose, lactose, polygalacturonic acid, and β-D-galactosyl-1,4-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine), CBM33 (chitin), CBM34 (granular starch), CBM35 (xylans, mannans, and β-galactans), CBM36 (xylans and xylooligosaccharides), CBM37 (xylans, chitin, microcrystalline cellulose, and phosphoric-acid swollen cellulose), CBM38 (inulin), CBM39 (β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide, and lipoteichoic acid) CBM48 (glycogen), CBM40 (sialic acid), CBM 41 (α-glucans, amylose, amylopectin, and pullulans), CBM42 (arabinofuranose and arabinoxylans), CBM43 (β-1,3-glucans), CBM44 (cellulose and xyloglucans), CBM45 (starch), CBM46 (cellulose), CBM47 (fucose), CBM48 (glycogens), CBM49 (crystalline cellulose), CBM50 (chitin and chitopentaose), CBM51 (galactose and AB blood group antigens), CBM52 (β-1,3-glucans), CBM53 (starch), CBM54 (xylans), CBM55 (chitin), CBM56 (β-1,3-glucans), CBM58 (maltoheptaose), CBM59 (mannans, xylans, and cellulose), CBM60 (xylans), CBM61 (β-1,4-galactans), CBM62 (galactose, xyloglucans, arabinogalactans, and galactomannans), CBM63 (cellulose), CBM64 (cellulose), CBM65 (xyloglucans), CBM66 (fructans), CBM67 (L-rhamnose), CBM68 (maltotriose and maltotetraose), CBM69 (starch), CBM70 (hyaluronan), CBM71 (lactose and β-D-galactosyl-1,4-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine), or any combination thereof. Any suitable carbohydrate binding module can be employed, for example, as described in Boraston et al., Biochem J., 382: 769-781 (2004), Shoseyov et al., Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 70(2): 283-295 (2006) or Christiansen et al., FEBS Journal, 276:5006-5029 (2009). CBMs or other binding modules can be synthetically or genetically evolved or otherwise generated to bind to any desired target whether carbohydrates, other types of polymers, or non-polymer compounds. Techniques such as phage display, for example, can be used. For example, CBMs can be produced that bind to polymers, for example, a polyaryletherketone (PAEK), a polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polystyrene, a polytetrfluoroethylene, a polyvinylchloride, a polyamide, a para-aramid, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a glycoprotein, a protein, a phosphorylated protein, a modified protein, a lipid, a surfactant, lecithin, or a biosurfactant, or any combination thereof. The CBMs can be replaced by antibodies and the detection method can be tailored for antibodies. See, for example, Knox P. J. (2012) Methods in Enzymology, volume 510, 233-245, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

A binding module can bind specifically to any desired polymer (e.g., lignocellulosic polymer or combination thereof, or any oligosaccharide). For example, the binding module can specifically bind to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof or a linear fragment thereof, or a branched fragment thereof, or an oligomer thereof (for example, an oligosaccharide), or a monomer and/or macromer thereof, for example, glucose, D-glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, monolignol, p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, p-hydroxyphenyl phenylpropanoid, guaiacyl phenylpropanoid, syringyl phenylpropanoid, or a combination thereof. The binding module can bind to an amorphous or crystalline lignocellulosic polymer. The binding module can recognize both an amorphous and crystalline form of a particular lignocellulosic polymer or be specific to one or the other. For example, the binding module can specifically bind to crystallized cellulose (and not to amorphous cellulose). A binding module can specifically bind to amorphous cellulose (and not to crystallized cellulose).

The lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can include a plurality of lignocellulosic polymer detection probes, each lignocellulosic polymer detection probe binding solely or essentially solely to a different lignocellulosic polymer. The plurality of probes can include any number or kind of probes. For example, a plurality can include at least two probes, at least three probes, at least four probes, at least five probes, at least ten probes, from two probes to twenty probes, from two probes to ten probes, or from two probes to four probes. A plurality of probes can be provided as a pre-formulated composition or combined from separate stock solutions of individual probes. The concentration, for example, weight percentage, of each probe in a composition can be the same or differ between types of probes based on the total weight of the composition. For example, the weight ratio of probes in a composition including four different types of probes could be 1:1:1:1, or some other ratio. The relative amounts, ratio, and/or concentration of probes can be adjusted based on the lignocellulosic polymer profile of a particular biomass.

A probe composition can include various other components, for example, one or more stabilizers, one or more preservatives, one or more emulsifiers, one or more thickeners, one or more diluents, or any combination thereof.

Each lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can include a different reporter module. For example, each reporter module can have a different (or unique) fluorescence signature. Any combination of fluorescent reporter modules can be used, for example, one or more of eGFP, mCherry, mOrange2, and eCFP. Any combination of binding modules can be used, for example, one or more of CBM3a, CBM4-1, CBM15, and CBM27. A plurality of probes can be provided such that each binding module is paired with a unique reporter module and vice versa. For example, the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can include eGFP-CBM3a, mCherry-CBM4-1, mOrange2-CBM15, eCFP-CBM27, or any combination thereof.

The lignocellulosic or any polymer detection probe of the present invention can be detectable at a distinct wavelength (±0.5 nm, ±1 nm, 3 nm, ±5 nm). Thus, a combination of different probes can be used and measured simultaneously, instead of using different probes separately or sequentially.

The present invention also relates to a complex including any probe or combination thereof bound to a pulp or paper product including at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer. The present invention also relates to a pulp or paper product including at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer and at least one probe bound thereto. The pulp can be any grade of pulp and a pulp at any stage of production of a paper or other biomass product. The pulp can include furnish. The pulp can include white water. The pulp can be or include product waste, for example, paper sludge. The pulp can be chemical pulp, mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp or chemi (thermo) mechanical pulp or a Kraft pulp. The pulp can be pulp from hardwood, softwood, or both types, or can include textile fibers, agricultural plant pulp, or the like. The pulp can be beached, pre-bleached, or unbleached. The pulp can be refined or unrefined. The paper product can be an intermediate paper product, a sample paper product useful for testing, or a finished paper product. Paper products can be, for example, printable or inkable paper sheets, sheets for cardboard construction, tissue paper, hygiene and personal care sheet or liner materials, or the like.

The present invention also is directed to various methods that employ lignocellulosic or any polymer detection probes. The methods can use any number or types of probes, for example a single probe or a plurality of probes. The present invention relates to a method of detecting a lignocellulosic polymer or any polymer. A probe can be contacted with a biomass material. This can be accomplished by introducing, adding, mixing, or otherwise combining the probe with the biomass material (e.g., pulp or paper product). Contacting can include and/or result in binding of the probe if its specific target lignocellulosic polymer or any polymer is present. A property associated with the reporter module can be measured to determine the presence or absence of at least one lignocellulosic polymer in the biomass material. For example, the property measured can be or include fluorescence. The method can also include calculating the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, determining the type of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, or both.

The biomass material measured can be or include any suitable biomass material. The biomass material can be a raw material, a partially processed material, or a finished product. The biomass material can be or include a wood biomass material. The wood biomass material can be or include pulp, furnish, white water, paper, a paper product, paper sludge, or any combination thereof. The method can include forming at least one handsheet from the wood biomass product, wherein the measuring is performed on the handsheet.

The measuring can be performed before treatment, during treatment, and/or after treatment, or any combination thereof of the biomass material. The treatment can include, for example, an enzymatic treatment, bleaching, amorphogenesis, milling, or PFI refining, or any combination thereof. The treatment can be or include, for example, enzymatic treatment with at least one enzyme including a cellulase, a xylanase, a mannase, a lignase, or any combination thereof. The method can be or include performing at least one treatment of the biomass material based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both. The amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured can correlate negatively or positively with at least one physical property of the biomass product. The at least one physical property can include, for example, burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, internal bond strength, or any combination thereof. The at least one physical property can include, for example, density, elastic modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yielding stress, ultimate stress, fiber length, elongation, or the like.

The amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured or both can be used to determine the amount or type of treatment to be applied to the biomass material. For example, the method can include dosing at least one enzyme based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured or both. For example, if the amount of crystalline cellulose is relatively low, a greater amount of cellulase can be added. If the amount of lignin is high, for example, the amount of bleach can be increased. A high amount of xylan measured can be addressed, for example, by increasing the amount of xylanase added to the pulp. For pre-bleaching, for example, a measurement of high mannan content can be addressed by increasing the amount of mannase added to the pulp. The method can include adjusting mill speed based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured or both. For example, if the amount of crystalline cellulose is relatively low, the intensity of refining (e.g., mill speed, in number of rpms) can be increased. The method can include adjusting total water content of the biomass material based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured or both. For example, water can be added to the pulp if the amount of crystalline cellulose is relatively high and the amount of amorphous cellulose is relatively low. Thus, the method can be used to adjust the concentration of pulp or one or more components thereof.

The present invention further relates to a method of determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on pulp or a paper product. A lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can be contacted with or attached to a pulp or a paper product. The specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product can be detected. The amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product can be determined (e.g., calculated). The effectiveness of an industrial treatment on the pulp or paper product can be determined based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected. The effectiveness of any suitable industrial treatment can be determined. The industrial treatment can be or include, for example, an enzymatic treatment, a chemical treatment, a physical treatment, or any combination thereof. The method can be performed before the industrial treatment, during the industrial treatment, after the industrial treatment, or any combination thereof. The polymer detection probe can be detectable at a distinct wavelength as part of the method. The method can be performed on paper waste, for example, paper sludge, and the industrial treatment can include a treatment for paper waste.

The present invention also relates to a method of determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product. A lignocellulosic polymer detection probe can be contacted with pulp or a paper product. The specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product can be detected. The amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product can be calculated. The at least one physical property of the pulp or paper product can be determined based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected. The at least one physical property can be or include, for example, burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, or internal bond strength, or any combination thereof. The at least one physical property can be or include, for example, density, elastic modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yielding stress, ultimate stress, fiber length, or elongation, or the like.

The probes and methods of the present invention are applicable in applications other than pulp and paper processing. For example, the probes and methods can be used for environmental compliance and/or monitoring. The probes and methods can be used, for example, in the food industry to track the types and/or amounts of carbohydrates present during various stages of food production, and subsequently to detect food spoliation or other conditions or properties. The probes and methods can be used to track the presence and/or amounts of microbes or other cell types in any material. The probes and methods can be used to detect cell markers such as glycoproteins, for example, those characteristic of blood groups, cancers, or pathogens. The probes and methods can be used in medical contexts, for example, histology. The probes and methods of the present invention are applicable to any relevant sector of industrial production, food production/testing, agricultural applications, plastics, medicine, diagnostics, microbiology, biomass/biofuel, and/or petroleum production/testing, and the like.

A polymer detection probe, in general, is provided by the present invention. The probe can have, for example, one or more characteristics or functions of the lignocellulosic polymer probes described herein, overlapping characteristics or functions, or different characteristics or functions. The polymer detection probe can include, for example, a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable. The polymer detection probe can be or include, for example, a probe polypeptide. The reporter module can be, for example, fluorescent. The reporter module can be or include a fluorescent protein. The binding module can be a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The binding module can specifically bind to, for example, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof or a linear fragment thereof, or a branched fragment thereof, or an oligomer thereof, or a monomer and/or macromer thereof, for example, glucose, D-glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, monolignol, p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, p-hydroxyphenyl phenylpropanoid, guaiacyl phenylpropanoid, or syringyl phenylpropanoid, or a combination thereof. The binding module can specifically bind to, for example, a glycoprotein, carbohydrate, or both, specific to a particular blood antigen, type, group, or subgroup.

The binding module can specifically bind to any particular polymer (e.g., oligosaccharide or other saccharide polymer or other polymer). The polymer can be naturally occurring or synthetic. The binding module can specifically bind to, for example, a polyaryletherketone (PAEK), a polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polystyrene, a polytetrfluoroethylene, a polyvinylchloride, a polyamide, a para-aramid, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a glycoprotein, a protein, a phosphorylated protein, a modified protein, a lipid, lecithin, a surfactant, or a biosurfactant, or any combination thereof or a material including or containing one or more of these polymers. The polymer detection probe can include a plurality of polymer detection probes, each polymer detection probe specifically binding to a different polymer. Each polymer detection probe can include a different reporter module. Each reporter module can have a different fluorescence signature. The polymer detection probe can be detectable at a distinct wavelength (±0.2 nm, ±0.5 nm, ±1 nm, ±3 nm, ±5 nm). A complex is provided including the probe specifically bound to a material including at least one surface available polymer. The manner in which the lignocellulosic polymer probe is designed and used (as described herein) can equally apply in general to the broader polymer probes of the present invention for any polymer and for the detection of that polymer that specifically binds to the probe.

A method of detecting a polymer (such as the classes and specific ones described earlier) is provided. A probe of the present invention can be contacted with a material. A property associated with the reporter module can be measured to determine the presence or absence of at least one polymer in the material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one polymer. The property measured can be, for example, fluorescence. The method can include calculating the amount of the at least one polymer, determining the type of the at least one polymer, or both. The material can be or include a biological sample, for example, a cancer biopsy, cells, a tissue sample, a microbiological sample, or a blood sample. The presence or absence of a cancer and/or an identity of cancer type can be determined, for example, by using a binding module specific to a cancer cell surface marker, such as a glycoprotein. The presence or absence of a beneficial or pathogenic microorganism and/or an identify of a microorganism such as a virus or bacterium can be determined, for example, by using a binding module specific to a microorganism cell surface marker, such as a cell wall polysaccharide or a cell surface glycoprotein. At least one of a blood antigen, type, group, or subgroup of the blood sample can be determined. For example, types A, B, AB, and O can be distinguished in the ABO blood group system. An Rh antigen, such as the D antigen, can be detected in the Rh blood group system to determine whether a blood sample is Rh positive or negative. A plurality of probes, for example, different kinds of probes, can be used in the method. Thus, the ABO group and Rh factor identities of a blood sample, for example, can be determined simultaneously.

The present invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be exemplary of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

The following examples demonstrate the utility of the present invention and its surprising advantages over existing techniques. Predictive methods, based on the use of CBMs fused to various fluorescent proteins, were created. Using molecular biology techniques and constructs, four different fusion proteins were created. Each of these “probes” is constructed of a specific binding module (the CBM moiety) and a reporter module (the fluorescent protein). Each probe emits fluorescence at a distinct wavelength, allowing for unambiguous detection of the polymer specifically bound by the binding module. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of polymer detection using a probe.

After production and characterization of the probes, they are demonstrated as specifically binding to relevant polymers, and change binding in response to change in surface availability of such polymers. Accordingly, these probes demonstrate that the present invention enables the detection of changes, and that the signal generate by the probes can be correlated with pulp and paper properties measured independently, with industry-standard methods. The method can be used to predict the impact of any industrial treatment on properties that depend on exposure of polymers. As demonstrated by these examples, the present invention can also be used for monitoring surface polymers at any stage for any process involving lignocellulosic biomass.

Table 1 lists CBMs, binding targets, and associated fluorophores. The emission wavelengths are separated by several nanometers, enabling detection of individual probes even when mixed with other probes (spectral deconvolution).

TABLE 1 Fluorescent protein tag Probe # CBM Target (Ex/Em) 1 CBM3a Crystalline cellulose eGFP (488/507) 2a CBM4-1 Amorphous cellulose mCherry (587/610) 2b CBM17 Amorphous cellulose mCherry (587/610) 3 CBM15 Xylan mOrange2 (549/565) 4 CBM27 Mannan eCFP (434/477)

Probe 1 detects, for example, crystalline cellulose (CBM3a-eGFP) and fluoresces at 507 nm. Probe 2a detects, for example, amorphous cellulose (CBM4-1-mCherry) and emits fluorescence at 610 nm. Probe 2b (CBM17-mCherry) also detects amorphous cellulose, but with a higher affinity compared to Probe 2a. CBM15 fused to mOrange2 detects xylan (Probe 3) and is visible at 565 nm. Probe 4 includes CBM27 fused to eCFP and emits light at 477 nm. The probes emission maxima are separated, and can be detectable even when probes are mixed with others described here.

Example 1

This example demonstrates the production of reporter modules (fluorescent proteins) in accordance with the present invention. Four reporter modules (eCFP, eGFP, mCherry and mOrange2) were cloned in pET11 vector and expressed in prokaryotic systems. FIGS. 2-5 show the genetic maps of the respective reporter modules (fluorescent proteins) cloned into the pET11 vector. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for the reporter modules are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 23-30, respectively. These vector constructs are used for labeling binding modules from cloned genes with the reporter modules. Single fluorescent proteins (reporter modules) are used to measure the background (non-specific) binding to the pulp polymers.

Proteins were purified using the following methodology. E. coli BL21(DE3) GOLD pLysS cells (ThermoFisher Scientific) bearing the selected expression plasmid (reporter module, binding module or complete Probe) were grown at 37° C. in Luria-Bertani broth containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin. Induction of recombinant protein expression was performed by the addition of 500 μM IPTG (ThermoFisher Scientific) to mid-log-phase cells (O.D. 600 nm of 0.6-0.8) and the subsequent incubation for 18 hours at 25° C. Cells were afterward harvested and kept at −80° C. Thawed cell pellets were resuspended in 50 mM NaPO₄ pH 8 containing 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM imidazole, and 1 mM PMSF, and then lysed using six cycles of 60 seconds of sonication (Branson Ultrasonics Corporation) at 200 W. Clarification of the lysate was achieved by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 30 minutes at 4° C.

The protein of interest was then purified by affinity chromatography over a HisPrep FF 16/10 column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) equilibrated in 50 mM NaPO₄ pH 8.0 buffer containing 300 mM NaCl and 10 mM imidazole. Following a ten column volumes buffer washes, the desired protein was eluted following a ten column volumes gradient of imidazole (10 to 100 mM) in 50 mM NaPO₄ pH 8.0 buffer containing 300 mM NaCl. A final purification step was performed over a SUPERDEX 200 HR 16/50 column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer containing 300 mM NaCl to insure its homogenous purify. The purified probe was then dialyzed in a 20 Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer containing 20 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl₂ at 4° C. and concentrated using a 10k MACROSEP Advance centrifugal device (Pall Corporation). Concentrated protein solutions were stored at −80° C. using flash freezing. Protein purity was verified by SDS-PAGE. The amount of protein was quantified by the Bradford method.

The reporter modules were successfully produced and purified by affinity chromatography (FIG. 6). The yield of the production was around 25 mg of protein/L of culture. FIG. 6 is a SDS-PAGE of purified fluorescence proteins; the arrow highlights the protein of interest. Table 2 shows the properties of the purified reporter modules (here, fluorescent proteins).

TABLE 2 Protein Amino Acids (#) Mol. Wt. (Da) pI eGFP 247 27878.1 5.99 mCherry 244 27658.8 6.06 mOrange2 244 27756.1 6.72 eCFP 247 27842.0 5.99

Example 2

This example demonstrates production of binding modules (CBMs) in accordance with the present invention. Five CBM genes (CBM 3a, 4-1, 15, 17, and 27) were cloned in pET11 vector and expressed in prokaryotic systems. The CBMs were produced and purified by affinity chromatography (FIG. 7). The yield of the production of the CBM was around 10 mg of protein/L of culture. FIG. 7 is a SDS-PAGE of purified CBMs; the arrow highlights the protein of interest. Table 3 displays the properties of the purified binding modules (here, CBMs).

TABLE 3 Protein Amino Acids (#) Mol. Wt. (Da) pI CBM3a 206 22375.1 7.58 CBM4-1 161 16528.7 3.88 CBM17 221 23926.9 5.46 CBM15 171 17949.4 4.31 CBM27 185 21242.6 5.57

Example 3

This example demonstrates the fluorescence emission by reporter modules in accordance with the present invention. Emission spectra of pulp and reporter modules (eGFP, mCherry and mOrange2) were measured. The spectra were acquired at 23° C. and the proteins were diluted in a 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer containing 20 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl₂. The spectra in FIGS. 8 and 9 show that depending on the excitation wavelength (488 nm vs 549 nm), the change in fluorescence intensity (FI) (eGFP vs mCherry) can be measured independent of pulp auto-fluorescence or other probes. FIG. 8 shows the emission spectra of reporter modules (eGFP and mCherry) and of a pulp handsheet disk after excitation at 549 nm. With this excitation wavelength, mCherry fluorescence dominates over the other substrates signal. FIG. 9 shows emission spectra of FPs (eGFP and mCherry) and a pulp handsheet disk using an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. At this excitation wavelength, the pulp and mCherry fluorescence is much weaker than eGFP.

Example 4

This example demonstrates the production of complete probes (binding module-reporter module). The genes that were used for production of reporter modules and binding modules were fused to generate the probes. FIGS. 10-14 show the pET11 vectors and the genetic map covering the fusion sequence. The resulting molecules (probes) include a reporter module at the N-terminus, followed by the binding module. FIG. 10 shows the vector and map for pET11A-eGFP-CBM3a expression vector (Probe 1). FIG. 11 shows the vector and map for pET11A-mCherry-CBM4-1 expression vector (Probe 2a). FIG. 12 shows the vector and map for pET11A-mCherry-CBM17 expression vector (Probe 2b). FIG. 13 shows the vector and map for pET11A-mOrange2-CBM15 expression vector (Probe 3). FIG. 14 shows the vector and map for pET11A-eCFP-CBM27 expression vector (Probe 4). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for Probe 1 are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for the linker (joining eGFP and CBM3a) in Probe 1 are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for Probe 2a are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for Probe 2b are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for Probe 3 are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for Probe 4 are included in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12 respectively. The new molecules (Probes) start with an N-terminal reporter module (fluorescent protein) followed by the appropriate binding module (CBM). The sequence linking the reporter to the binding module is composed of a glycine, except for Probe 1, wherein the linking sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 4 (including a thrombin cleavage site).

The vectors encoding the probes were transformed in E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) pLysS competent cells. Transformed cells were selected on LB-agar with ampicillin (100 μg/mL). E. coli cells harboring probe vectors were cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth containing ampicillin (100 μg/mL) at 27° C. to mid exponential phase (A600 nm=0.5). Recombinant protein expression was induced by the addition of 0.5 mM IPTG and further incubated for 16 hours at 27° C. (agitation 200 rpm). Induced cells were centrifuged at 4° C. for 30 min at 4000 g and the pellet were store at −80° C. Cells were suspended in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) and disrupted by sonication. Cells debris was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. The 6×His tagged protein was purified under native conditions using Ni-NTA nickel affinity resin (Qiagen) according to manufacturer specification at pH 8 using imidazole for elution. A second passage was utilized to increase the purity of the protein preparation. In order to remove salts and imidazole, purified probes were dialyzed in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 20 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl₂) for 24 hours at 4° C. Protein concentration was determined using a Bradford protein assay.

FIG. 15 shows a SDS PAGE analysis of each probe. The arrows indicate the position of the probe fused proteins. The size of each probe corresponds to the size expected on the basis of its amino acid residue content. Shown on the left side of the last four gels is a standard size ladder allowing estimation of sizes for proteins migrated on the same gel. Table 4 shows the properties of the purified Probes (reporter module-binding module).

TABLE 4 Protein Amino Acids (#) Mol. Wt. (Da) pI eGFP-CBM3a 415 46260.9 5.91 mCherry-CBM4-1 397 43158.4 4.67 mCherry-CBM17 457 50556.6 5.49 mOrange2-CBM15 407 44676.4 5.10 eCFP-CBM27 424 48055.5 5.59

Example 5

This example demonstrates spectroscopic characterization of probes after production in accordance with the present invention. In order to verify that the fusion of the reporter modules to the binding modules did not prevent native folding, a spectroscopic analysis was carried out. The spectra were acquired at 23° C. and the proteins were diluted in a 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer containing 20 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl₂. The absorption and emission spectra recorded for Probe 1, Probe 2b, Probe 3 and Probe 4 are shown in FIGS. 16A-16D. They are comparable with spectra reported in the literature and strongly suggest that the reporter modules are not affected by the presence of the binding modules. In FIGS. 16A-D, excitation spectra are shown as dashed lines and emission spectra as full lines for the FP-CBM proteins. These results strongly indicate that the reporter modules (fluorescent proteins) are properly folded after their recovery from bacteria and that the close proximity of the binding module has no appreciable impact on its reporting capacity.

Example 6

This example demonstrates binding of the probes to model compounds in accordance with the present invention. A solid state depletion assay was performed involving Probe 1 and AVICEL or WHATMAN paper as the substrate. AVICEL is a commercial substrate made of crystalline cellulose available from FMC Corporation. WHATMAN paper is an amorphous cellulose filter paper available from GE Healthcare Life Sciences. FIG. 17 shows the results of a solid state depletion assay in which binding saturation of Probe 1 to AVICEL is apparent.

Affinity (K_(a)) of Probe 1 for AVICEL was measured using a modified version of a solid state depletion assay in order to ascertain that the fusion of the reporter module (eGFP) with the binding module (CBM3a) did not negatively affect the folding and thus the affinity of CBM3a for AVICEL. FIG. 17 shows that Probe 1 has an affinity constant (K_(a)) of 8 μM for AVICEL, a value similar to that reported for the commercial construct for crystalline cellulose (7.7 This result confirms that the binding module (CBM3a) of Probe 1 is well folded and that it binds to crystalline cellulose with a high affinity regardless of the close proximity of the reporter module (eGFP).

Binding isotherms of eGFP-CBM3a to AVICEL (filled circle) and WHATMAN paper (open circle) after a 1 hour incubation at 23° C. of the various cellulose support with eGFP-CBM3a (100 μg/well) in a 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer containing 20 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl₂). The affinity constant (K_(a)) was calculated from nonlinear regression of [P_(bound)]=N_(o)K_(a)[P_(free)]/(1+K_(a)[P_(free)]). In this example, K_(a) is equal to 8 μM for AVICEL and 0.083 for WHATMAN paper.

Example 7

Example 7 sets forth parameters for a typical probe binding experiment used in the following examples. Materials and solutions included filtered buffer (20 mM Tris-CL pH 7.5+20 mM NaCl+5 mM CaCl₂); agitation at room temperature for 1 hour), 6% milk (fresh) in buffer (dissolve 1.2 g of milk into 20 ml of buffer; Centrifuge 2 min, 100 g, RT), 3% milk (fresh) in buffer, TWEEN 0.05% in buffer, pulp-derived handsheet (paper disk: 3 mm diameter) glued onto the bottom of black microplate shining face down. Fluorescence acquisition included endpoint and area scanning 3×3 500 μm; excitation wavelength (reporter module-dependent) (9 mm)/emission wavelength (reporter module-dependent) (9 mm); gain 50; 75 and 100; and top (4.5 mm) detection. The reaction volume was 200 μl. The fluorescent (fusion) probe (or fiber polymer) treatment method FPTM protocol was consistent with that described in Knox P. J. (2012) Methods in Enzymology, volume 510, 233-245, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A similar procedure is described in Ding et al. (2006) BioTechniques 41, 435-443, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The fluorescence of the untreated paper disks was measured. The handsheet was incubated in 200 μl of milk 3%, one hour at room temperature with a slow agitation. Wash 3 (200 μl)×5 min was performed with buffer at room temperature with agitation. The fluorescence of the blocked paper disks was measured. 200 μl of probe/milk 3% was added and incubated at room temperature for one hour with a slow agitation. The supernatant was removed and total fluorescence was measured. Wash 3 (200 μl)×5 min with buffer was performed at room temperature with agitation. The residual fluorescence was measured. Wash 3 (200 μl)×5 min was performed with TWEEN 0.05% at room temperature with agitation. Residual fluorescence was measured. Black 96 wells microplate (Costar, cat #3631) were employed. A SYNERGY Mx program was run (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, Vt.).

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram describing the probe binding experiments on a paper disk. The various pulps used in the following examples are described in Table 5 (NA: Not available; “*”=Pulp chemical composition (wt %) measured at CRML). Pulps used were from North American paper plants.

TABLE 5 Chemical Composition and Available Characteristics of Different Pulps. Pulp 1 Pulp 2 Pulp 3 Pulp 4 Pulp 5 Pulp 6 Pulp origin Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 3 Plant 3 Plant 3 Pulp High yield Kraft Kraft Kraft Mechanical Mechanical Kraft Unrefined Unrefined Unrefined Unrefined Unrefined Unrefined Unbleached Unbleached Unbleached bleached Unbleached bleached Furnish: Furnish: Furnish: Furnish: Furnish: Furnish: softwood softwood softwood softwood softwood softwood (resinous) (resinous) (resinous) (resinous) (resinous) (resinous) Pulp 5.16 4.39 2.81 4.37 3.77 4.17 Consistency (wt %) Pulp 9 7.15 9.28 7.11 4.48 4.72 Initial pH Kappa 27-29 20-25 NA NA NA NA number Cellulose* 83.91 89.49 86.7 89.7 46 46.6 Hemicellulose* 9.54 7.29 16 16.9 21.7 22.2 Lignin* 6.7 3.2 4.4 1.9 29 29

Example 8

This example demonstrates the comparison of fluorescence from a commercial “binding-reporter” probe with the fluorescence from a reporter module alone at the surface of paper in accordance with the present invention. The specific detection of crystalline cellulose on the surface of small disks of pulp 1 (˜0.5 mg) was achieved by binding commercial eGFP-CBM3a (NZYTech company). The non-specific signal provided by the binding of the reporter module on the small disks was measured after incubation with the reporter module alone. The assay was performed into 96 wells microplate. Excess of Probe 1 (or reporter module GFP) was removed by washing using Tween 20 (0.05%).

The fluorescence from the reporter module (alone or as component of the Probe) was measured at a wavelength of 511 nm (excitation wavelength 488 nm) using a SYNERGY Mx microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.). The fluorescence intensities are presented here as a function of refining intensity and cellulase treatments. FIG. 19 shows fluorescence intensity of reporter module (eGFP) alone bound to untreated and cellulase-treated pulp (after two levels of refining). The non-specific fluorescent signal obtained with the reporter module alone was very low compared to Probe 1.

FIG. 20 depicts fluorescence intensity of Probe 1 bound to untreated and cellulases treated pulp (after two level of refining). FIG. 20 shows the detection of crystalline cellulose at the surface of cellulase-treated handsheet using Probe 1. Cellulase enzyme treatments of the old pulp increased the fluorescent signal compared to untreated pulp at all levels of refining, which indicates that the cellulase treatments of the pulp uncovered additional crystalline cellulose regions. Accordingly, using Probe 1 of the present invention, the impact of cellulase treatments on pulp can be detected without using any pulp and paper classical tests.

Example 9

This example demonstrates the detection of changes in surface crystalline cellulose after refining and cellulase treatments in accordance with the present invention. The method is based on the fluorescence intensity associated to the recognition of crystalline cellulose by the CBM3a-eGFP (Probe 1) on the surface of handsheets. Using a standardized Probe 1 fluorescence curve, the measured fluorescence intensity can be converted into a quantity (μg) that is then divided by the surface (mm²) of the handsheets. The results (μg/mm²) enable the quantification of the crystalline cellulose on the surface of the handsheets.

Quantification of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets was performed on small disks of −0.5 mg. The handsheets at basis weight 60 g/m² were produced from previously treated (cellulases at 0.05%, 1 h, 50° C., pH 7) and untreated pulp 1. The specific detection of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets was achieved with Probe 1 (250 μg/ml, 1 h, room temperature, pH 7.4) in a 24 wells microplate (Gourlay et al., 2012). After three washing steps, the green residual fluorescence was measured at 511 nm (excitation wavelength: 488 nm) using a Synergy Mx microplate reader (Bioteck). The fluorescence intensities were averaged and presented as percentages, as a function of PFI revolutions (FIG. 21) or cellulase treatments (FIG. 22).

FIG. 21 depicts the impact of PFI refining on the quantification of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets. The unrefined fluorescence intensity and corresponding CSF value were set as reference points (100%). FIG. 21 shows that the residual fluorescence, which should indicate the amount of Probe 1-tagged crystalline cellulose at the surface of pulp 1 handsheets, increased from 2.7% to 28.6% as the PFI revolutions increased from 1500 to 6000. This decrease is not linear and was correlated with the decrease in CSF (from 87.9 ml to 71.1 ml), which is an indicator of the degree of hydration of pulp. Accordingly, the amorphogenesis process (water swelling of the pulp), which is associated to PFI refining, is evidently responsible for the recorded decrystallization or loss of crystalline cellulose at the surface of pulp 1 handsheets.

FIG. 22 depicts the impact of cellulase treatment on the quantification of crystalline cellulose on the surface of pulp 1 handsheets. The untreated fluorescence intensities at 0, 3000, and 4500 revolutions were set as the reference values (100%). FIG. 22 shows that all cellulase treatments increased the detection of eGFP-tagged crystalline celluloses. These results indicate that enzymes expose previously buried crystalline celluloses at the surface of pulp 1 handsheets compared to untreated handsheets.

The highest increase recorded was for the treatment of pulp 1 with cellulase C6 without refining. Cellulase C1 and C2 treatments led to the lowest increase of crystalline cellulose on unrefined and refined pulp 1 at 3000 revolutions (vs untreated) compared to the other enzyme samples. However, the use of more intense refining (4500 revs) on treated pulp 1 with cellulase sample C1, C2, and C3 lead to an increase of crystalline celluloses. These observations might be explained by the generations of microfibrils after refining and consequently an increase exposition of crystalline cellulose at the surface of the fibers. These results suggest that cellulase treatments of pulp 1 followed by mechanical treatment expose a larger quantity of crystalline celluloses. In opposition to all other enzymes, refining had no impact on C4-treated handsheet.

Example 10

This example demonstrates the prediction of the presence or absence of changes in surface crystalline cellulose after refining and xylanase treatments in accordance with the present invention. Digestion of the xylan polymers by xylanases can uncover crystalline cellulose and increase its detection on handsheet surfaces when compared with the untreated controls. Probe 1 was used to detect changes in crystalline cellulose at the surface of paper after xylanase treatments. FIG. 23 depicts the quantification (μg/mm²) of Probe 1 bound on the surface of xylanase-treated handsheets from plant 2 refined at 0, 3000 and 4500 PFI revolutions. Pulp 2 was used for sheet preparation. The excitation wavelength was 488 nm. No xylanase treatments used here had a significant impact on fluorescence detected. The quantity of crystalline cellulose measured here suggests that xylanase preparations used had no impact on cellulose fiber surface. This result is in complete agreement with the analysis of paper physical properties and fiber morphologies after xylanase treatments. The probe 1 FPTM results reveal the absence of xylanase impact in a much less time than involved for traditional TAPPI methods, thus enabling a fast, high throughput protocol.

Example 11

This example demonstrates the detection of crystalline cellulose after refining in accordance with the present invention. Correlations were determined between Probe 1 detection and paper physical properties using two different pulps. Two pulps (Pulp 1 and Pulp 2) were refined and analyzed by Probe 1 and by standard TAPPI methods. The measurement of crystalline cellulose on handsheet disks (60 g/m²) was performed by incubating the paper disks with 250 μg/ml of Probe 1. Probe 1 fluorescence was used for recognition of crystalline cellulose on the surface of handsheets after refining (various levels of energy). Using a standardized curve, the measured fluorescence intensity is converted into a quantity (m) of crystalline cellulose, which is then divided by the surface (mm²) of the handsheets. The results (μg/mm²) enable the quantification of the crystalline cellulose on the surface of the handsheets.

FIG. 24 depicts the quantification of crystalline cellulose (μg/mm²) on the surface of PFI refined handsheet (Pulp 1 (plant 1; left bar) vs Pulp 2 (plant 2; right bar). These FPTM results support the concept that pulp refining partially decrystallizes cellulose. In the case of the Pulp 2 handsheets, at least three decrystallization events (or steps) are observed: 0-2000, 3000-4500 and at 6000 PFI revolutions. This effect is less apparent than when using more than 3000 revs.

FIGS. 25A-25D depict correlations between crystalline cellulose quantification using Probe 1 (μg/mm²) and Pulp 2/paper physical properties as a function of refining energy (PFI revolutions). FIG. 25A depicts tear index (mN m²/g), FIG. 25B depicts tensile index (N m/g), FIG. 25C depicts internal bond strength (J/m²), and FIG. 25D depicts fibers mean length (mm). FIGS. 25A-25D show the correlations between Probe 1 signal and the corresponding paper's physical properties for the Pulp 2 handsheets. An inverse correlation is observed with the tensile index and the internal bond strength (FIG. 25B-25C). In contrast, the tear index is directly correlated with the crystalline cellulose quantification (FIG. 25A). These correlations can be used for predicting the impact of various refining treatments on final paper properties in a very short time (1 hour vs days) compared to TAPPI pulp and paper analyses. The internal bond and fiber length were further modified by refining past 3000 revs, at variance with tear and tensile indices that stabilized under similar conditions.

The changes in properties and crystalline cellulose detected after treatment of pulp 1 are shown in FIGS. 26A-26D. Correlations between crystalline cellulose quantification using Probe 1 (μg/mm²) and pulp 1/paper physical properties as a function of refining energy (PFI revolutions) are depicted. FIG. 26A depicts tear index (mN m²/g), FIG. 26B depicts tensile index (N m/g), FIG. 26C depicts internal bond strength (J/m²), and FIG. 26D depicts fibers mean length (mm). The amount of cellulose detected by Probe 1 decreased as refining energy increased in general, with the exception of the value associated with 1500 revs. Except for this particular value, all panels suggest the same correlations as those observed with pulp 2 (FIGS. 25A-25B). The different content in lignin of either pulp did not appear to affect the overall correlations. Correlations were positive for tear index, and reciprocal for internal bond and tensile index.

The four properties monitored continued to change when refining was increased past 3000 revs. Thus, applying the method to different pulp may result in subtle changes in correlations at high refining energy. Independent of the physical properties and the pulp studied here, the impact of refining on crystalline cellulose was observed after a minimal degradation of fiber (i.e. when treatment exceeded 1500 revs). The impact of refining past 3000 revs is no longer associated with changes in crystalline cellulose at the surface (it is not changed by further refining). Consequently, to improve and develop pulp/paper physical properties, the refining intensity should minimally degrade the crystalline matrix of the pulp.

The results demonstrate that the method is a diagnostic indicator that can be taken into account when determining the refining conditions for a given set of properties. Its simplicity and high sensibility enable a fast and efficient diagnostic of the best refining conditions used for a set of physical properties. The results show that the method can be used to predict the impact of a treatment on pulp and paper properties for tear, tensile and internal bond strength, without performing actual measurements of those properties on handsheets.

Example 12

This example demonstrates the detection of xylan on the surface of paper disks in accordance with the present invention. Pulp 5 (unbleached mechanical pulp), Pulp 6 (bleached mechanical pulp, Pulp 3 (unbleached Kraft pulp), Pulp 4 (bleached Kraft pulp), and Pulp 2 (unbleached Kraft pulp) were used in this example (as described above in Table 5). The assay was performed in 96 well-microplates with each well containing a small handsheet disk (60 g/m²). The specific detection of xylan on the surface of such disks made from different pulps was achieved by binding Probe 3 (CBM15-mOrange2). The fluorescence intensity was measured after incubating the paper disks with 200 μl solution of Probe 3. The excess Probe 3, as well as non-specific binding of the same adduct to any other moieties, was removed by washing three times with a TWEEN 20 solution (0.05%). Fluorescence intensity from bound Probe 3 was measured at a wavelength of 569 nm (excitation wavelength 549 nm) using a SYNERGY Mx microplate reader.

FIG. 27 depicts fluorescence intensity of Probe 3 bound to xylan at the surface of five different paper disks—UBKPR Unbleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 2), UBMP unbleached mechanical pulp (Pulp 5), BMP bleached mechanical pulp (Pulp 6), UBKP unbleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 3); and BKP bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4). These results show that Probe 3 has a higher binding affinity towards BKP derived disks compared to the other paper disks. These results may be attributed to the lignin content on the surface of the paper disks. In Kraft pulping, chemicals and heat are used to dissolve the lignin, the binding agent that covers cellulose and hemicellulose. The lignin content of unbleached chemical pulp is approximately 3-5% and bleaching process removes practically all of the remaining lignin, taking it towards 0% of the total content. Mechanical pulping methods preserve most of the wood component so that the lignin content is similar to that of wood (20-28%). Bleached Kraft paper that contains the lowest amount of lignin has been detected by the probe much more efficiently than the other paper disks. This can be ascribed by the increased exposure of xylan on the surface of bleached fibers. This analysis shows that Probe 3 detect xylan on the surface of the paper disks and that it can discriminate between paper surfaces made from different pulps.

Example 13

This example demonstrates the detection of xylan removal after enzymatic treatments in accordance with the present invention. The ability to detect xylan was also tested for pulp where xylan content was changed at the fiber surface. In order to demonstrate binding of Probe 3 to xylan unambiguously, paper disks (from bleached Kraft pulp (BKP)) were treated with a commercial xylanase prior detection assay. Xylanase was used at two doses: 0.1 U per paper disk and 0.4 U per paper disk. Results are shown in FIG. 28. FIG. 28 depicts fluorescence intensity of Probe 3 bound to xylan at the surface of untreated and xylanase treated Pulp 4 (BKP) paper. Treatment duration is indicated on the x axis. Untreated indicates Pulp 4 paper disks without xylanase treatment. “O/N” indicates paper treated with xylanase overnight at room temperature. Binding of Probe 3 was reduced by almost 80% after xylanase treatment, establishing that the method detects variations in polymers at the surface of fibers.

Example 14

This example demonstrates the detection of mannan on the surface of paper disks in accordance with the present invention. A high content of mannan (and redeposition on the surface of cellulose fiber during the Kraft pulping) may inhibit the bleaching process. Accordingly, mannanase, in addition with xylanase, is used for prebleaching. In order to optimize mannanase treatment, it is useful to determine mannan content before and after prebleaching.

Two different grades of pulp (Pulp 3: unbleached Kraft pulp (UBKP) and pulp 4: bleached Kraft pulp (BKP)) were investigated with respect to their mannan content. The assay was performed in 96 well-microplates with each well containing a small handsheet disk (60 g/m2). The specific detection of mannan on the surface of such disks made from different pulps was achieved by binding the eCFP-CBM27 protein fusion, also named Probe 4. The fluorescence intensity was measured after incubating the paper disks with 200 μl solution of Probe 4. The excess Probe 4, as well as non-specific binding of the same adduct to any other moieties, was removed by washing 3 times with a TWEEN 20 solution (0.05%). Fluorescence intensity from bound Probe 4 was measured at a wavelength of 477 nm (excitation wavelength 434 nm) using a SYNERGY Mx microplate reader. The fluorescence intensities of the bound probes are presented in FIG. 29.

FIG. 29 depicts fluorescence intensity of Probe 4 (eCFP-CBM27) bound to mannan at the surface of two different paper disks: unbleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 3, UBKP) and bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4, BKP). These results show that Probe 4 has a higher binding affinity towards Pulp 4 (BKP) derived disks compared to the pulp 3 (UBKP) paper disks. These results may be attributed to the redeposit of the hemicelluloses and to the lignin content on the surface of the paper disks of pulp 4 (BKP). In Kraft pulping, chemicals and heat are used to dissolve lignin, the binding agent that covers cellulose and hemicellulose. Thus the lignin content drops from 3-5% down to nearly zero. So, mannan in bleached Kraft paper (that contains the lowest amount of lignin) has been detected by the probe much more efficiently than the other paper disks. This result reflects the increased exposure of mannan on the surface of bleached fibers.

Example 15

This example demonstrates the detection of mannan removal after enzymatic treatment in accordance with the present invention. The ability to detect mannan at the surface of fibers was tested. In order to show the binding of Probe 4 to mannan unambiguously, paper disks (from bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4, BKP)) were treated with a commercial mannanase (MEGAZYME-E-BMANN) enzyme prior to detection assay. Results are shown in FIG. 30. FIG. 30 depicts fluorescence intensity of Probe 4 bound to mannan at the surface of mannanase-treated bleached Kraft pulp (Pulp 4, BKP) paper. Binding of Probe 4 was reduced by almost 44% after a 1 hour treatment with mannanase. These results clearly demonstrate that the method detects variations in polymers at the surface of fibers.

The present invention includes the following aspects/embodiments/features in any order and/or in any combination:

1. A lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one lignocellulosic polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable.

2. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprises a probe polypeptide.

3. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module is a binding module polypeptide and the reporter module is a reporter module polypeptide.

4. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module polypeptide is fused directly to the reporter module polypeptide.

5. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module polypeptide is linked to the reporter polypeptide via a linker polypeptide.

6. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the probe polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12.

7. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 and the reporter module polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 24, 26, 28, and 30.

8. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module polypeptide is not an antibody or a fragment thereof.

9. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module is not an antibody or a fragment thereof.

10. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module is not a polypeptide.

11. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module is fluorescent.

12. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module has a fluorescence excitation peak (maximum) of from about 350 nm to about 700 nm.

13. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module has a fluorescence emission peak (maximum) of from about 400 nm to about 750 nm.

14. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module comprises a fluorescent protein.

15. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises an ultraviolet fluorescent protein, a blue fluorescent protein, a cyan fluorescent protein, a green fluorescent protein, a yellow fluorescent protein, an orange fluorescent protein, a red fluorescent protein, a far-red fluorescent protein, a near infrared fluorescent protein, an infrared fluorescent protein, a sapphire-type fluorescent protein, a long Stokes shift fluorescent protein, a switchable fluorescent protein, or any combination thereof.

16. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof.

17. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) comprising CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM14, CBM15, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM25, CBM27, CBM28, CBM33, CBM48, CBM49, or any combination thereof.

18. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module specifically binds to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, or any combination thereof.

19. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module specifically binds to crystallized cellulose.

20. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprises a plurality of lignocellulosic polymer detection probes, each lignocellulosic polymer detection probe specifically binding to a different lignocellulosic polymer.

21. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein each lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprises a different reporter module.

22. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein each reporter module has a different fluorescence signature.

23. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter modules comprise one or more of eGFP, mCherry, mOrange2, and eCFP.

24. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding modules comprise one or more of CBM3a, CBM4-1, CBM15, and CBM27.

25. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprises eGFP-CBM3a, mCherry-CBM4-1, mOrange2-CBM15, eCFP-CBM27, or any combination thereof.

26. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe is detectable at a distinct wavelength.

27. A complex comprising the probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect specifically bound to a pulp or paper product comprising at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer.

28. A pulp or paper product comprising at least one surface available lignocellulosic polymer and at least one probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect specifically bound thereto.

29. A method of detecting a lignocellulosic polymer, the method comprising:

contacting the probe of any one of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect with a biomass material; and

measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one lignocellulosic polymer in the biomass material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one lignocellulosic polymer.

30. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the property measured is fluorescence.

31. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising calculating the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, determining the type of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, or both.

32. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the biomass material comprises a wood biomass material.

33. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the wood biomass material is pulp, furnish, paper, or any combination thereof.

34. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising forming at least one handsheet from the wood biomass product, wherein the measuring is performed on the handsheet.

35. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the measuring is performed before treatment, during treatment, or after treatment, or any combination thereof.

36. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the treatment comprises an enzymatic treatment, bleaching, amorphogenesis, milling, or PFI refining, or any combination thereof.

37. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the treatment comprises enzymatic treatment with at least one enzyme comprising a cellulase, a xylanase, a mannase, a lignase, or any combination thereof.

38. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising performing at least one treatment of the biomass material based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.

39. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured correlates negatively or positively with at least one physical property of the biomass product.

40. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the at least one physical property comprises burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, or internal bond strength, or any combination thereof.

41. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising dosing at least one enzyme based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.

42. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising adjusting mill speed based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.

43. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising adjusting total water content of the biomass material based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.

44. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the probe comprises a plurality of probes.

45. A method of determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on pulp or a paper product comprising:

contacting the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe of any one of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect with pulp or a paper product;

detecting the specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product;

calculating the amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product; and

determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on the pulp or paper product based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected.

46. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the industrial treatment comprises an enzymatic treatment, a chemical treatment, or a physical treatment, or any combination thereof.

47. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the method is performed before the industrial treatment, during the industrial treatment, or after the industrial treatment, or any combination thereof.

48. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe is detectable at a distinct wavelength.

49. A method of determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product comprising:

contacting the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect with pulp or a paper product;

detecting the specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product;

calculating the amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product; and

determining at least one physical property of the pulp or paper product based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected.

50. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the at least one physical property comprises burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, or internal bond strength, or any combination thereof.

51. A polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable.

52. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the polymer detection probe comprises a probe polypeptide.

53. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module is fluorescent.

54. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the reporter module comprises a fluorescent protein.

55. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises an ultraviolet fluorescent protein, a blue fluorescent protein, a cyan fluorescent protein, a green fluorescent protein, a yellow fluorescent protein, an orange fluorescent protein, a red fluorescent protein, a far-red fluorescent protein, a near infrared fluorescent protein, an infrared fluorescent protein, a sapphire-type fluorescent protein, a long Stokes shift fluorescent protein, a switchable fluorescent protein, or any combination thereof.

56. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM).

57. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module specifically binds to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof or a linear fragment thereof, or a branched fragment thereof, or an oligomer thereof, or a monomer and/or macromer thereof, for example, glucose, D-glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, monolignol, p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, p-hydroxyphenyl phenylpropanoid, guaiacyl phenylpropanoid, or syringyl phenylpropanoid, or a combination thereof.

58. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module specifically binds to a glycoprotein, carbohydrate, or both, specific to a particular blood antigen, type, group, or subgroup.

59. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the binding module specifically binds to a polyaryletherketone (PAEK), a polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polystyrene, a polytetrfluoroethylene, a polyvinylchloride, a polyamide, a para-aramid, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a glycoprotein, a protein, a phosphorylated protein, a modified protein, a lipid, a surfactant, lecithin, or a biosurfactant, or any combination thereof.

60. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the polymer detection probe comprises a plurality of polymer detection probes, each polymer detection probe specifically binding to a different polymer.

61. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein each polymer detection probe comprises a different reporter module.

62. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein each reporter module has a different fluorescence signature.

63. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the polymer detection probe is detectable at a distinct wavelength.

64. A complex comprising the probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect specifically bound to a material comprising at least one surface available polymer.

65. A method of detecting a polymer, the method comprising:

contacting the probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect with a material; and

measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one polymer in the material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one polymer.

66. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the property measured is fluorescence.

67. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising calculating the amount of the at least one polymer, determining the type of the at least one polymer, or both.

68. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the material comprises a blood sample.

69. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, further comprising determining at least one of a blood antigen, type, group, and subgroup of the blood sample.

70. The method of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein the probe comprises a plurality of probes.

71. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein said polymer is at least one saccharide polymer.

72. The probe of any preceding or following embodiment/feature/aspect, wherein said polymer is at least one oligosaccharide polymer.

The present invention can include any combination of these various features or embodiments above and/or below as set forth in sentences and/or paragraphs. Any combination of disclosed features herein is considered part of the present invention and no limitation is intended with respect to combinable features.

The following references are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties:

-   Linder, M. et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271, 21268-21272. -   McLean, B. W. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 50245-50254. -   Hilden, L. et al. (2003) Biotechnology letters 25, 553-558. -   Lehtio, J. et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 484-489. -   Czjzek et al., J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec. 21; 276(51):48580-7. Epub 2001     Oct. 22. -   Ding, S.-Y. et al. (2006) BioTechniques 41, 435-443. -   McCartney, L. et al. (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 4765-4770. -   Hong, J. et al. (2007) Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and     colloids 23, 12535-12540. -   Herve, C. et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 15293-15298. -   Gourlay, K. et al. (2012) Biotechnology for biofuels 5, 51. -   Knox, J. P. (2012) Methods in enzymology 510, 233-245. -   Ruel, K. et al. (2012) Plant science: an international journal of     experimental plant biology 193-194, 48-61. -   Luis, A. S. et al. (2013) J. Biol. Chem. 288, 4799-4809 -   Zhang, M. et al. (2013) Physical chemistry chemical physics: PCCP     15, 6508-6515. -   Mou et al. (2013) Bioresources 8, 2325-2336. -   Machado et al., (2009) Cellulose 16, 817-824. -   Kim et al. (2010) Planta 232, 817-824. -   Kim et al. (2012) Planta 236, 35-50. -   Široký et al. (2012) Carbohyd. Polym. 89, 213-221. -   Gao et al., (2014) Biotechnology for biofuels 7, 24. -   Filonova et al. (2007) Biomacromolecules 8, 91-97. -   http://www.cazy.org/Carbohydrate-Binding-Modules.html on Mar. 30,     2015 -   U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,856,201; 5,837,814; 5,738,984; 5,719,044;     5,670,623; 6,174,700; 5,962,289; 7,361,487; 5,928,917 -   Boraston et al., Biochem J., 382: 769-781 (2004) -   Shoseyov et al., Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 70(2):     283-295 (2006) -   Christiansen et al., FEBS Journal, 276:5006-5029 (2009).

Applicants specifically incorporate the entire contents of all cited references in this disclosure. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range.

Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the present specification and practice of the present invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the present specification and examples be considered as exemplary only with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims and equivalents thereof.

SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 (nucleic acid) for eGFP-CBM3a (Probe 1).  The underlined text represents the thrombin  cleavage site which link eGFP to CBM3a.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACCGG  GGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTCGAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAACGGCCACAAGTTCAGCG  TGTCCGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCGATGCCACCTACGGCAAGCTGACCCTGAAGTTCATC  TGCACCACCGGCAAGCTGCCCGTGCCCTGGCCCACCCTCGTGACCACCCTGACCTAC  GGCGTGCAGTGCTTCAGCCGCTACCCCGACCACATGAAGCAGCACGACTTCTTCAAG  TCCGCCATGCCCGAAGGCTACGTCCAGGAGCGCACCATCTTCTTCAAGGACGACGG  CAACTACAAGACCCGCGCCGAGGTGAAGTTCGAGGGCGACACCCTGGTGAACCGCA  TCGAGCTGAAGGGCATCGACTTCAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGCACAAGCTG  GAGTACAACTACAACAGCCACAACGTCTATATCATGGCCGACAAGCAGAAGAACGG  CATCAAGGTGAACTTCAAGATCCGCCACAACATCGAGGACGGCAGCGTGCAGCTCG  CCGACCACTACCAGCAGAACACCCCCATCGGCGACGGCCCCGTGCTGCTGCCCGAC  AACCACTACCTGAGCACCCAGTCCGCCCTGAGCAAAGACCCCAACGAGAAGCGCGA  TCACATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTGACCGCCGCCGGGATCACTCTCGGCATGGACGA  GCTGTACAAAAGTTCCGGTCTGGTGCCGCGTGGTAGCACACCGGTATCAGGCAATTT  GAAGGTTGAATTCTACAACAGCAATCCTTCAGATACTACTAACTCAATCAATCCTCA  GTTCAAGGTTACTAATACCGGAAGCAGTGCAATTGATTTGTCCAAACTCACATTGAG  ATATTATTATACAGTAGACGGACAGAAAGATCAGACCTTCTGGTGTGACCATGCTGC  AATAATCGGCAGTAACGGCAGCTACAACGGAATTACTTCAAATGTAAAAGGAACAT  TTGTAAAAATGAGTTCCTCAACAAATAACGCAGACACCTACCTTGAAATTAGCTTTA  CAGGCGGAACTCTTGAACCGGGTGCACATGTTCAGATACAAGGTAGATTTGCAAAG  AATGACTGGAGTAACTATACACAGTCAAATGACTACTCATTCAAGTCTGCTTCACAG  TTTGTTGAATGGGATCAGGTAACAGCATACTTGAACGGTGTTCTTGTATGGGGTAAA  GAATAA  SEQ ID NO: 2 (amino acid) for eGFP-CBM3a (Probe 1).  The underlined text represents the thrombin cleavage  site which link eGFP to CBM3a.  MGHEIHHHHGVSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICT  TGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTYGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDDGNYK  TRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYIMADKQKNGIKVNFK  IRHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVT  AAGITLGMDELYKSSGLVPRGSTPVSGNLKVEFYNSNPSDTTNSINPQFKVTNTGSSAID  LSKLTLRYYYTVDGQKDQTFWCDHAAIIGSNGSYNGITSNVKGTFVKMSSSTNNADTYL  EISFTGGTLEPGAHVQIQGRFAKNDWSNYTQSNDYSFKSASQFVEWDQVTAYLNGVLV  WGKE  SEQ ID NO: 3 for Probe 1 linker.  AGTTCCGGTCTGGTGCCGCGTGGTAGC  SEQ ID NO: 4 (amino acid) for Probe 1 linker.  SSGLVPRGS  SEQ ID NO: 5 (nucleic acid) for mCherry-CBM4-1 (Probe 2a).  The underlined text represents the glycine which link  mCherry to CBM4-1.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGGATAACATGGC  CATCATCAAGGAGTTCATGCGCTTCAAGGTGCACATGGAGGGCTCCGTGAACGGCC  ACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCACCCAGAC  CGCCAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGTC  CCCTCAGTTCATGTACGGCTCCAAGGCCTACGTGAAGCACCCCGCCGACATCCCCGA  CTACTTGAAGCTGTCCTTCCCCGAGGGCTTCAAGTGGGAGCGCGTGATGAACTTCGA  GGACGGCGGCGTGGTGACCGTGACCCAGGACTCCTCCCTGCAGGACGGCGAGTTCA  TCTACAAGGTGAAGCTGCGCGGCACCAACTTCCCCTCCGACGGCCCCGTAATGCAG  AAGAAGACCATGGGCTGGGAGGCCTCCTCCGAGCGGATGTACCCCGAGGACGGCGC  CCTGAAGGGCGAGATCAAGCAGAGGCTGAAGCTGAAGGACGGCGGCCACTACGAC  GCTGAGGTCAAGACCACCTACAAGGCCAAGAAGCCCGTGCAGCTGCCCGGCGCCTA  CAACGTCAACATCAAGTTGGACATCACCTCCCACAACGAGGACTACACCATCGTGG  AACAGTACGAACGCGCCGAGGGCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGCTGTAC  AAGGGTGCGTCGCCGATCGGGGAGGGAACGTTCGACGACGGGCCCGAGGGGTGGGT  CGCGTACGGCACCGACGGCCCCCTCGACACGAGCACGGGCGCGCTGTGCGTCGCCG  TGCCGGCCGGCTCCGCGCAGTACGGCGTCGGCGTCGTGCTCAACGGCGTCGCGATC  GAGGAAGGGACCACCTACACGCTCCGGTACACCGCGACGGCCTCGACCGACGTCAC  CGTGCGGGCGCTCGTCGGGCAGAACGGCGCCCCCTACGGCACCGTGCTCGACACGA  GCCCGGCCCTGACGTCCGAGCCGCGGCAGGTGACCGAGACGTTCACGGCCTCGGCG  ACGTACCCCGCGACACCCGCCGCCGACGACCCCGAGGGGCAGATCGCCTTCCAGCT  CGGCGGGTTCAGCGCCGACGCGTGGACGTTCTGCCTCGACGACGTCGCGCTCGACTC  CGAGGTCGAGCTCTAA  SEQ ID NO: 6 (amino acid) for mCherry-CBM4-1 (Probe 2a).  The underlined text represents the glycine which link  mCherry to CBM4-1.  MGHEIHHHHGVSKGEEDNMAIIKEFIVIRFKVHMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGTQTAK  LKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPQFMYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYLKLSFPEGFKWERVMNFEDGG  VVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGTNFPSDGPVMQKKTMGWEASSERMYPEDGALKGEI  KQRLKLKDGGHYDAEVKTTYKAKKPVQLPGAYNVNIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEG  RHSTGGMDELYKGASPIGEGTFDDGPEGWVAYGTDGPLDTSTGALCVAVPAGSAQYG  VGVVLNGVAIEEGTTYTLRYTATASTDVTVRALVGQNGAPYGTVLDTSPALTSEPRQVT  ETFTASATYPATPAADDPEGQIAFQLGGFSADAWTFCLDDVALDSEVEL  SEQ ID NO: 7 (nucleic acid) for mCherry-CBM17 (Probe 2b).  The underlined text represents the glycine codon that link  mCherry to CBM17.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGGATAACATGGC  CATCATCAAGGAGTTCATGCGCTTCAAGGTGCACATGGAGGGCTCCGTGAACGGCC  ACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCACCCAGAC  CGCCAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGTC  CCCTCAGTTCATGTACGGCTCCAAGGCCTACGTGAAGCACCCCGCCGACATCCCCGA  CTACTTGAAGCTGTCCTTCCCCGAGGGCTTCAAGTGGGAGCGCGTGATGAACTTCGA  GGACGGCGGCGTGGTGACCGTGACCCAGGACTCCTCCCTGCAGGACGGCGAGTTCA  TCTACAAGGTGAAGCTGCGCGGCACCAACTTCCCCTCCGACGGCCCCGTAATGCAG  AAGAAGACCATGGGCTGGGAGGCCTCCTCCGAGCGGATGTACCCCGAGGACGGCGC  CCTGAAGGGCGAGATCAAGCAGAGGCTGAAGCTGAAGGACGGCGGCCACTACGAC  GCTGAGGTCAAGACCACCTACAAGGCCAAGAAGCCCGTGCAGCTGCCCGGCGCCTA  CAACGTCAACATCAAGTTGGACATCACCTCCCACAACGAGGACTACACCATCGTGG  AACAGTACGAACGCGCCGAGGGCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGCTGTAC  AAGGGTTTATGGGCAGATAATGAATTAACCACTTCAGGTCAATATGTACGTGCTCGT  ATTAAGGGAGCTTATTATGCTACACCAGTTGATCCTGTAACAAACCAACCAACAGCA  CCGAAAGACTTTTCTTCAGGCTTTTGGGACTTTAATGACGGTACTACACAAGGTTTT  GGTGTAAATCCAGATAGTCCAATAACTGCTATTAATGTTGAAAATGCTAACAATGCT  TTAAAAATCAGCAATCTTAATAGTAAGGGTAGTAATGATTTATCTGAAGGAAACTTT  TGGGCCAATGTCCGCATTTCAGCTGATATCTGGGGACAAAGTATAAATATATATGGA  GACACAAAACTAACAATGGATGTTATAGCTCCAACACCTGTAAATGTATCAATCGCA  GCTATCCCACAAAGTAGTACTCACGGTTGGGGAAATCCTACAAGAGCTATACGTGTT  TGGACAAACAACTTTGTAGCACAAACTGATGGAACCTATAAAGCAACTTTGACCATT  TCTACAAACGATAGTCCAAATTTCAATACTATAGCTACAGATGCTGCTGATAGTGTA  GTAACAAATATGATTCTATTTGTTGGTTCAAATTCAGATAATATTTCTTTAGACAATA  TAAAGTTTACTAAATAAGGATCCGGCTGCTAACAAAGCCCGAAAGGAAGCTGAGTT  GGCTGCTGCCACCGCTGAGCAATAACTAGCATAACCCCTTGGGGCCTCTAA  SEQ ID NO: 8 (amino acid) for mCherry-CBM17 (Probe 2b).   The underlined text represents the glycine codon that  link mCherry to CBM17.  MGHHIREIHHGVSKGEEDNMAIIKEFIVIRFKVHMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGTQTAK  LKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPQFMYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYLKLSFPEGFKWERVMNFEDGG  VVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGTNFPSDGPVMQKKTMGWEASSERMYPEDGALKGEI  KQRLKLKDGGHYDAEVKTTYKAKKPVQLPGAYNVNIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEG  RHSTGGMDELYKGLWADNELTTSGQYVRARIKGAYYATPVDPVTNQPTAPKDFSSGF  WDFNDGTTQGFGVNPDSPITAINVENANNALKISNLNSKGSNDLSEGNFWANVRISADI  WGQSINIYGDTKLTMDVIAPTPVNVSIAAIPQSSTHGWGNPTRAIRVWTNNFVAQTDGT  YKATLTISTNDSPNFNTIATDAADSVVTNMILFVGSNSDNISLDNIKFTK  SEQ ID NO: 9 (nucleic acid) for mOrange2-CBM15 (Probe 3). The underlined text represents the glycine codon that link  mOrange2 to CBM15.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGAATAACATGGC  CATCATCAAGGAGTTCATGCGCTTCAAGGTGCGCATGGAGGGCTCCGTGAACGGCC  ACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCTTTCAGACC  GCTAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGTCC  CCTCATTTCACCTACGGCTCCAAGGCCTACGTGAAGCACCCCGCCGACATCCCCGAC  TACTTCAAGCTGTCCTTCCCCGAGGGCTTCAAGTGGGAGCGCGTGATGAACTACGAG  GACGGCGGCGTGGTGACCGTGACCCAGGACTCCTCCCTGCAGGACGGCGAGTTCAT  CTACAAGGTGAAGCTGCGCGGCACCAACTTCCCCTCCGACGGCCCCGTGATGCAGA  AGAAGACCATGGGCTGGGAGGCCTCCTCCGAGCGGATGTACCCCGAGGACGGTGCC  CTGAAGGGCAAGATCAAGATGAGGCTGAAGCTGAAGGACGGCGGCCACTACACCTC  CGAGGTCAAGACCACCTACAAGGCCAAGAAGCCCGTGCAGCTGCCCGGCGCCTACA  TCGTCGACATCAAGTTGGACATCACCTCCCACAACGAGGACTACACCATCGTGGAA  CAGTACGAACGCGCCGAGGGCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGCTGTACAA  GGGTGTCGCTGCCAGCGAGGGCAATGTTGTTATAGAGGTGGACATGGCAAATGGCT  GGAGAGGCAACGCATCAGGCAGTACCAGCCATTCCGGTATTACCTACAGTGCCGAT  GGCGTTACCTTTGCCGCACTGGGCGATGGCGTGGGCGCTGTTTTTGATATTGCCCGA  CCAACCACACTGGAAGATGCTGTGATAGCAATGGTTGTTAATGTCAGCGCTGAATTT  AAGGCCAGTGAAGCCAACTTGCAGATATTTGCCCAGTTAAAAGAAGACTGGTCAAA  GGGCGAATGGGATTGTCTGGCGGCCAGCAGCGAACTCACTGCGGATACTGACCTAA  CCCTGACCTGCACCATTGATGAAGACGACGATAAATTCAACCAAACGGCGCGCGAT  GTGCAAGTCGGTATCCAGGCCAAGGGAACACCCGCCGGAACTATCACCATTAAAAG  CGTCACCATTACACTCGCACAGGAAGCCTATTCAGCCAATTAA  SEQ ID NO: 10 (amino acid) for mOrange2-CBM15 (Probe 3). The underlined text represents the glycine codon that link  mOrange2 to CBM15.  MGHHHHHHGVSKGEENNMAIIKEFIVIRFKVRMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGFQTAK  LKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPHFTYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYFKLSFPEGFKWERVMNYEDGG  VVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGTNFPSDGPVMQKKTMGWEASSERMYPEDGALKGKI  KMRLKLKDGGHYTSEVKTTYKAKKPVQLPGAYIVDIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEGR  HSTGGMDELYKGVAASEGNVVIEVDMANGWRGNASGSTSHSGITYSADGVTFAALGD  GVGAVFDIARPTTLEDAVIAMVVNVSAEFKASEANLQIFAQLKEDWSKGEWDCLAASS  ELTADTDLTLTCTIDEDDDKFNQTARDVQVGIQAKGTPAGTITIKSVTITLAQEAYSAN  SEQ ID NO: 11 (nucleic acid) for eCFP-CBM27 (Probe 4).   The underlined text represents the glycine codon that  link eCFP to CBM27.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACCGG  GGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTCGAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAACGGCCACAAGTTCAGCG  TGTCCGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCGATGCCACCTACGGCAAGCTGACCCTGAAGTTCATC  TGCACCACCGGCAAGCTGCCCGTGCCCTGGCCCACCCTCGTGACCACCCTGACCTGG  GGCGTGCAGTGCTTCAGCCGCTACCCCGACCACATGAAGCAGCACGACTTCTTCAAG  TCCGCCATGCCCGAAGGCTACGTCCAGGAGCGCACCATCTTCTTCAAGGACGACGG  CAACTACAAGACCCGCGCCGAGGTGAAGTTCGAGGGCGACACCCTGGTGAACCGCA  TCGAGCTGAAGGGCATCGACTTCAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGCACAAGCTG  GAGTACAACTACATCAGCCACAACGTCTATATCACCGCCGACAAGCAGAAGAACGG  CATCAAGGCCAACTTCAAGATCCGCCACAACATCGAGGACGGCAGCGTGCAGCTCG  CCGACCACTACCAGCAGAACACCCCCATCGGCGACGGCCCCGTGCTGCTGCCCGAC  AACCACTACCTGAGCACCCAGTCCGCCCTGAGCAAAGACCCCAACGAGAAGCGCGA  TCACATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTGACCGCCGCCGGGATCACTCTCGGCATGGACGA  GCTGTACAAGGGTAACGAAGCACGGTACGTGCTCGCAGAGGAAGTTGATTTTTCCTC  TCCAGAAGAGGTGAAAAACTGGTGGAACAGCGGAACCTGGCAGGCAGAGTTCGGGT  CACCTGACATTGAATGGAACGGTGAGGTGGGAAATGGAGCACTGCAGCTGAACGTG  AAACTGCCCGGAAAGAGCGACTGGGAAGAAGTGAGAGTAGCAAGGAAGTTCGAAA  GACTCTCAGAATGTGAGATCCTCGAGTACGACATCTACATTCCAAACGTCGAGGGAC  TCAAGGGAAGGTTGAGGCCGTACGCGGTTCTGAACCCCGGCTGGGTGAAGATAGGC  CTCGACATGAACAACGCGAACGTGGAAAGTGCGGAGATCATCACTTTCGGCGGAAA  AGAGTACAGAAGATTCCATGTAAGAATTGAGTTCGACAGAACAGCGGGGGTGAAAG  AACTTCACATAGGAGTTGTCGGTGATCATCTGAGGTACGATGGACCGATTTTCATCG  ATAATGTGAGACTTTATAAAAGAACAGGAGGTATGTAA  SEQ ID NO: 12 (amino acid) for eCFP-CBM27 (Probe 4).   The underlined text represents the glycine codon that   link eCFP to CBM27. MGHHHHHHGVSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICT  TGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTWGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDDGNYK  TRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYISHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKI  RHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTA  AGITLGMDELYKGNEARYVLAEEVDFSSPEEVKNWWNSGTWQAEFGSPDIEWNGEVG  NGALQLNVKLPGKSDWEEVRVARKFERLSECEILEYDIYIPNVEGLKGRLRPYAVLNPG  WVKIGLDMNNANVESAEIITFGGKEYRRFHVRIEFDRTAGVKELHIGVVGDHLRYDGPIF  IDNVRLYKRTGGM  SEQ ID NO: 13 (nucleic acid) for CBM3a.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTACACCGACCAAGGGAGCAACACCAACAAA  TACAGCTACGCCGACAAAATCAGCTACGGCTACGCCCACCAGGCCATCGGTACCGA  CAAACACACCGACAAACACACCGGCAAATACACCGGTATCAGGCAATTTGAAGGTT  GAATTCTACAACAGCAATCCTTCAGATACTACTAACTCAATCAATCCTCAGTTCAAG  GTTACTAATACCGGAAGCAGTGCAATTGATTTGTCCAAACTCACATTGAGATATTAT  TATACAGTAGACGGACAGAAAGATCAGACCTTCTGGTGTGACCATGCTGCAATAAT  CGGCAGTAACGGCAGCTACAACGGAATTACTTCAAATGTAAAAGGAACATTTGTAA  AAATGAGTTCCTCAACAAATAACGCAGACACCTACCTTGAAATTAGCTTTACAGGCG  GAACTCTTGAACCGGGTGCACATGTTCAGATACAAGGTAGATTTGCAAAGAATGAC  TGGAGTAACTATACACAGTCAAATGACTACTCATTCAAGTCTGCTTCACAGTTTGTT  GAATGGGATCAGGTAACAGCATACTTGAACGGTGTTCTTGTATGGGGTAAAGAATA  A  SEQ ID NO: 14 (amino acid) for CBM3a.  MGHEIHHHHGTPTKGATPTNTATPTKSATATPTRPSVPTNTPTNTPANTPVSGNLKVEFY  NSNPSDTTNSINPQFKVTNTGSSAIDLSKLTLRYYYTVDGQKDQTFWCDHAAIIGSNGSY  NGITSNVKGTFVKMSSSTNNADTYLEISFTGGTLEPGAHVQIQGRFAKNDWSNYTQSND  YSFKSASQFVEWDQVTAYLNGVLVWGKE  SEQ ID NO: 15 (nucleic acid) for CBM4-1.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGCGTCGCCGATCGGGGAGGGAACGTTCGA  CGACGGGCCCGAGGGGTGGGTCGCGTACGGCACCGACGGCCCCCTCGACACGAGCA  CGGGCGCGCTGTGCGTCGCCGTGCCGGCCGGCTCCGCGCAGTACGGCGTCGGCGTC  GTGCTCAACGGCGTCGCGATCGAGGAAGGGACCACCTACACGCTCCGGTACACCGC  GACGGCCTCGACCGACGTCACCGTGCGGGCGCTCGTCGGGCAGAACGGCGCCCCCT  ACGGCACCGTGCTCGACACGAGCCCGGCCCTGACGTCCGAGCCGCGGCAGGTGACC  GAGACGTTCACGGCCTCGGCGACGTACCCCGCGACACCCGCCGCCGACGACCCCGA  GGGGCAGATCGCCTTCCAGCTCGGCGGGTTCAGCGCCGACGCGTGGACGTTCTGCCT  CGACGACGTCGCGCTCGACTCCGAGGTCGAGCTCTAA  SEQ ID NO: 16 (amino acid) for CBM4-1.  MGHREIRHHGASPIGEGTFDDGPEGWVAYGTDGPLDT STGALCVAVPAGSAQYGVGVV  LNGVAIEEGTTYTLRYTATASTDVTVRALVGQNGAPYGTVLDTSPALTSEPRQVTETFT  ASATYPATPAADDPEGQIAFQLGGFSADAWTFCLDDVALDSEVEL  SEQ ID NO: 17 (nucleic acid) for CBM17.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTTTATGGGCAGATAATGAATTAACCACTTCA  GGTCAATATGTACGTGCTCGTATTAAGGGAGCTTATTATGCTACACCAGTTGATCCT  GTAACAAACCAACCAACAGCACCGAAAGACTTTTCTTCAGGCTTTTGGGACTTTAAT  GACGGTACTACACAAGGTTTTGGTGTAAATCCAGATAGTCCAATAACTGCTATTAAT  GTTGAAAATGCTAACAATGCTTTAAAAATCAGCAATCTTAATAGTAAGGGTAGTAAT  GATTTATCTGAAGGAAACTTTTGGGCCAATGTCCGCATTTCAGCTGATATCTGGGGA  CAAAGTATAAATATATATGGAGACACAAAACTAACAATGGATGTTATAGCTCCAAC  ACCTGTAAATGTATCAATCGCAGCTATCCCACAAAGTAGTACTCACGGTTGGGGAAA  TCCTACAAGAGCTATACGTGTTTGGACAAACAACTTTGTAGCACAAACTGATGGAAC  CTATAAAGCAACTTTGACCATTTCTACAAACGATAGTCCAAATTTCAATACTATAGC  TACAGATGCTGCTGATAGTGTAGTAACAAATATGATTCTATTTGTTGGTT CAAATTC  AGATAATATTTCTTTAGACAATATAAAGTTTACTAAATAA  SEQ ID NO: 18 (amino acid) for CBM17.  MGHREIHHHGLWADNELTTSGQYVRARIKGAYYATPVDPVTNQPTAPKDFSSGFWDFN  DGTTQGFGVNPDSPITAINVENANNALKISNLNSKGSNDLSEGNFWANVRISADIWGQSI  NIYGDTKLTMDVIAPTPVNVSIAAIPQSSTHGWGNPTRAIRVWTNNFVAQTDGTYKATL  TISTNDSPNFNTIATDAADSVVTNMILFVGSNSDNISLDNIKFTK  SEQ ID NO: 19 (nucleic acid) for CBM15.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTCGCTGCCAGCGAGGGCAATGTTGTTATA  GAGGTGGACATGGCAAATGGCTGGAGAGGCAACGCATCAGGCAGTACCAGCCATTC  CGGTATTACCTACAGTGCCGATGGCGTTACCTTTGCCGCACTGGGCGATGGCGTGGG  CGCTGTTTTTGATATTGCCCGACCAACCACACTGGAAGATGCTGTGATAGCAATGGT  TGTTAATGTCAGCGCTGAATTTAAGGCCAGTGAAGCCAACTTGCAGATATTTGCCCA  GTTAAAAGAAGACTGGTCAAAGGGCGAATGGGATTGTCTGGCGGCCAGCAGCGAAC  TCACTGCGGATACTGACCTAACCCTGACCTGCACCATTGATGAAGACGACGATAAAT  TCAACCAAACGGCGCGCGATGTACAAGTCGGTATCCAGGCCAAGGGAACACCCGCC  GGAACTATCACCATTAAAAGCGTCACCATTACACTCGCACAGGAAGCCTATTCAGCC  AATTAA  SEQ ID NO: 20 (amino acid) for CBM15.  MGHHHHHHGVAASEGNVVIEVDMANGWRGNASGSTSHSGITYSADGVTFAALGDGV  GAVFDTARPTTLEDAVIAMVVNVSAEFKASEANLQIFAQLKEDWSKGEWDCLAASSELT  ADTDLTLTCTIDEDDDKFNQTARDVQVGIQAKGTPAGTITIKSVTITLAQEAYSAN  SEQ ID NO: 21 (nucleic acid) for CBM27.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTAACGAAGCACGGTACGTGCTCGCAGAGGA  AGTTGATTTTTCCTCTCCAGAAGAGGTGAAAAACTGGTGGAACAGCGGAACCTGGC  AGGCAGAGTTCGGGTCACCTGACATTGAATGGAACGGTGAGGTGGGAAATGGAGCA  CTGCAGCTGAACGTGAAACTGCCCGGAAAGAGCGACTGGGAAGAAGTGAGAGTAG  CAAGGAAGTTCGAAAGACTCTCAGAATGTGAGATCCTCGAGTACGACATCTACATTC  CAAACGTCGAGGGACTCAAGGGAAGGTTGAGGCCGTACGCGGTTCTGAACCCCGGC  TGGGTGAAGATAGGCCTCGACATGAACAACGCGAACGTGGAAAGTGCGGAGATCAT  CACTTTCGGCGGAAAAGAGTACAGAAGATTCCATGTAAGAATTGAGTTCGACAGAA  CAGCGGGGGTGAAAGAACTTCACATAGGAGTTGTCGGTGATCATCTGAGGTACGAT  GGACCGATTTTCATCGATAATGTGAGACTTTATAAAAGAACAGGAGGTATGTAA  SEQ ID NO: 22 (amino acid) for CBM27.  MGHHHHHHGNEARYVLAEEVDFSSPEEVKNWWNSGTWQAEFGSPDIEWNGEVGNGA  LQLNVKLPGKSDWEEVRVARKFERLSECEILEYDIYIPNVEGLKGRLRPYAVLNPGWVK  IGLDMNNANVESAEIITFGGKEYRRFHVRIEFDRTAGVKELHIGVVGDHLRYDGPIFIDN  VRLYKRTGGM  SEQ ID NO: 23 (nucleic acid) for eGFP.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACCGG  GGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTCGAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAACGGCCACAAGTTCAGCG  TGTCCGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCGATGCCACCTACGGCAAGCTGACCCTGAAGTTCATC  TGCACCACCGGCAAGCTGCCCGTGCCCTGGCCCACCCTCGTGACCACCCTGACCTAC  GGCGTGCAGTGCTTCAGCCGCTACCCCGACCACATGAAGCAGCACGACTTCTTCAAG  TCCGCCATGCCCGAAGGCTACGTCCAGGAGCGCACCATCTTCTTCAAGGACGACGG  CAACTACAAGACCCGCGCCGAGGTGAAGTTCGAGGGCGACACCCTGGTGAACCGCA  TCGAGCTGAAGGGCATCGACTTCAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGCACAAGCTG  GAGTACAACTACAACAGCCACAACGTCTATATCATGGCCGACAAGCAGAAGAACGG  CATCAAGGTGAACTTCAAGATCCGCCACAACATCGAGGACGGCAGCGTGCAGCTCG  CCGACCACTACCAGCAGAACACCCCCATCGGCGACGGCCCCGTGCTGCTGCCCGAC  AACCACTACCTGAGCACCCAGTCCGCCCTGAGCAAAGACCCCAACGAGAAGCGCGA  TCACATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTGACCGCCGCCGGGATCACTCTCGGCATGGACGA  GCTGTACAAGTAA  SEQ ID NO: 24 (amino acid) for eGFP.  MGHHHHHHGVSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICT  TGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTYGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDDGNYK  TRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYIMADKQKNGIKVNFK  IRHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVT  AAGITLGMDELYK  SEQ ID NO: 25 (nucleic acid) for mCherry.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGGATAACATGGC  CATCATCAAGGAGTTCATGCGCTTCAAGGTGCACATGGAGGGCTCCGTGAACGGCC  ACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCACCCAGAC  CGCCAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGTC  CCCTCAGTTCATGTACGGCTCCAAGGCCTACGTGAAGCACCCCGCCGACATCCCCGA  CTACTTGAAGCTGTCCTTCCCCGAGGGCTTCAAGTGGGAGCGCGTGATGAACTTCGA  GGACGGCGGCGTGGTGACCGTGACCCAGGACTCCTCCCTGCAGGACGGCGAGTTCA  TCTACAAGGTGAAGCTGCGCGGCACCAACTTCCCCTCCGACGGCCCCGTAATGCAG  AAGAAGACCATGGGCTGGGAGGCCTCCTCCGAGCGGATGTACCCCGAGGACGGCGC  CCTGAAGGGCGAGATCAAGCAGAGGCTGAAGCTGAAGGACGGCGGCCACTACGAC  GCTGAGGTCAAGACCACCTACAAGGCCAAGAAGCCCGTGCAGCTGCCCGGCGCCTA  CAACGTCAACATCAAGTTGGACATCACCTCCCACAACGAGGACTACACCATCGTGG  AACAGTACGAACGCGCCGAGGGCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGCTGTAC  AAGTAA  SEQ ID NO: 26 (amino acid) for mCherry.  MGHEIREIHHGVSKGEEDNMAIIKEFMRFKVHMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGTQTAK  LKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPQFMYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYLKLSFPEGFKWERVMNFEDGG  VVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGTNFPSDGPVMQKKTMGWEASSERMYPEDGALKGEI  KQRLKLKDGGHYDAEVKTTYKAKKPVQLPGAYNVNIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEG  RHSTGGMDELYK  SEQ ID NO: 27 (nucleic acid) for mOrange2.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGAATAACATGGC  CATCATCAAGGAGTTCATGCGCTTCAAGGTGCGCATGGAGGGCTCCGTGAACGGCC  ACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCTTTCAGACC  GCTAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGTCC  CCTCATTTCACCTACGGCTCCAAGGCCTACGTGAAGCACCCCGCCGACATCCCCGAC  TACTTCAAGCTGTCCTTCCCCGAGGGCTTCAAGTGGGAGCGCGTGATGAACTACGAG  GACGGCGGCGTGGTGACCGTGACCCAGGACTCCTCCCTGCAGGACGGCGAGTTCAT  CTACAAGGTGAAGCTGCGCGGCACCAACTTCCCCTCCGACGGCCCCGTGATGCAGA  AGAAGACCATGGGCTGGGAGGCCTCCTCCGAGCGGATGTACCCCGAGGACGGTGCC  CTGAAGGGCAAGATCAAGATGAGGCTGAAGCTGAAGGACGGCGGCCACTACACCTC  CGAGGTCAAGACCACCTACAAGGCCAAGAAGCCCGTGCAGCTGCCCGGCGCCTACA  TCGTCGACATCAAGTTGGACATCACCTCCCACAACGAGGACTACACCATCGTGGAA  CAGTACGAACGCGCCGAGGGCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGCTGTACAA  GTAA  SEQ ID NO: 28 (amino acid) for mOrange2.  MGHEIHHHHGVSKGEENNMAIIKEFMRFKVRMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGFQTAK  LKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPHFTYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYFKLSFPEGFKWERVMNYEDGG  VVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGTNFPSDGPVMQKKTMGWEASSERMYPEDGALKGKI  KMRLKLKDGGHYTSEVKTTYKAKKPVQLPGAYIVDIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEGR  HSTGGMDELYK  SEQ ID NO: 29 (nucleic acid) for eCFP.  ATGGGTCATCACCATCACCATCACGGTGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACCGG  GGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTCGAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAACGGCCACAAGTTCAGCG  TGTCCGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCGATGCCACCTACGGCAAGCTGACCCTGAAGTTCATC  TGCACCACCGGCAAGCTGCCCGTGCCCTGGCCCACCCTCGTGACCACCCTGACCTGG  GGCGTGCAGTGCTTCAGCCGCTACCCCGACCACATGAAGCAGCACGACTTCTTCAAG  TCCGCCATGCCCGAAGGCTACGTCCAGGAGCGCACCATCTTCTTCAAGGACGACGG  CAACTACAAGACCCGCGCCGAGGTGAAGTTCGAGGGCGACACCCTGGTGAACCGCA  TCGAGCTGAAGGGCATCGACTTCAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGCACAAGCTG  GAGTACAACTACATCAGCCACAACGTCTATATCACCGCCGACAAGCAGAAGAACGG  CATCAAGGCCAACTTCAAGATCCGCCACAACATCGAGGACGGCAGCGTGCAGCTCG  CCGACCACTACCAGCAGAACACCCCCATCGGCGACGGCCCCGTGCTGCTGCCCGAC  AACCACTACCTGAGCACCCAGTCCGCCCTGAGCAAAGACCCCAACGAGAAGCGCGA  TCACATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTGACCGCCGCCGGGATCACTCTCGGCATGGACGA  GCTGTACAAGTAA  SEQ ID NO: 30 (amino acid) for eCFP.  MGHHHHHHGVSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICT  TGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTWGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDDGNYK  TRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYISHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKI  RHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTA  AGITLGMDELYK  

1-28. (canceled)
 29. A method of detecting a lignocellulosic polymer, the method comprising: contacting a lignocellulosic polymer detection probe with a biomass material; and measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one lignocellulosic polymer in the biomass material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one lignocellulosic polymer.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the property measured is fluorescence.
 31. The method of claim 29, further comprising calculating the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, determining the type of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, or both.
 32. (canceled)
 33. (canceled)
 34. (canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. (canceled)
 37. (canceled)
 38. The method of claim 31, further comprising performing at least one treatment of the biomass material based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.
 39. The method of claim 31, wherein the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured correlates negatively or positively with at least one physical property of the biomass product.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the at least one physical property comprises burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, or internal bond strength, or any combination thereof.
 41. The method of claim 31, further comprising dosing at least one enzyme based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.
 42. The method of claim 31, further comprising adjusting mill speed based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.
 43. The method of claim 31, further comprising adjusting total water content of the biomass material based on the amount of lignocellulosic polymer measured, the type of lignocellulosic polymer measured, or both.
 44. The method of claim 29, wherein the probe comprises a plurality of probes.
 45. A method of determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on pulp or a paper product comprising: contacting a lignocellulosic polymer detection probe with a pulp or a paper product, said lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one lignocellulosic polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable and wherein the binding module is a binding module polypeptide and the reporter module is a reporter module polypeptide that comprises a fluorescent protein and wherein the reporter module is not an antibody or a fragment thereof and wherein the binding module polypeptide is not an antibody or a fragment thereof; detecting the specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product; calculating the amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product; and determining the effectiveness of an industrial treatment on the pulp or paper product based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof and wherein the binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) comprising CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM14, CBM15, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM25, CBM27, CBM28, CBM33, CBM48, CBM49, or any combination thereof.
 46. (canceled)
 47. (canceled)
 48. The method of claim 45, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe is detectable at a distinct wavelength.
 49. A method of determining a physical property of pulp or a paper product comprising: contacting a lignocellulosic polymer detection probe with a pulp or a paper product, said lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one lignocellulosic polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable and wherein the binding module is a binding module polypeptide and the reporter module is a reporter module polypeptide that comprises a fluorescent protein and wherein the reporter module is not an antibody or a fragment thereof and wherein the binding module polypeptide is not an antibody or a fragment thereof; detecting the specific binding of the probe to the pulp or the paper product; calculating the amount of at least one lignocellulosic polymer on a surface of the pulp or the paper product; and determining at least one physical property of the pulp or paper product based on the amount of the at least one lignocellulosic polymer detected, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof and wherein the binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) comprising CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM14, CBM15, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM25, CBM27, CBM28, CBM33, CBM48, CBM49, or any combination thereof.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the at least one physical property comprises burst index, drainage rate, tear index, tensile index, or internal bond strength, or any combination thereof. 51-64. (canceled)
 65. A method of detecting a polymer, the method comprising: contacting a polymer detection probe with a material, said polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable and wherein the binding module is a binding module polypeptide and the reporter module is a reporter module polypeptide that comprises a fluorescent protein and wherein the reporter module is not an antibody or a fragment thereof and wherein the binding module polypeptide is not an antibody or a fragment thereof; and measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one polymer in the material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one polymer, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof and wherein the binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) comprising CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM14, CBM15, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM25, CBM27, CBM28, CBM33, CBM48, CBM49, or any combination thereof.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the property measured is fluorescence.
 67. The method of claim 65, further comprising calculating the amount of the at least one polymer, determining the type of the at least one polymer, or both.
 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the material comprises a blood sample.
 69. The method of 68, further comprising determining at least one of a blood antigen, type, group, and subgroup of the blood sample.
 70. The method of claim 65, wherein the probe comprises a plurality of probes.
 71. (canceled)
 72. (canceled)
 73. The method of claim 29, wherein the binding module polypeptide is fused directly to the reporter module polypeptide.
 74. The method of claim 29, wherein the binding module polypeptide is linked to the reporter polypeptide via a linker polypeptide.
 75. The method of claim 29, wherein the probe comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 8, 10, and
 12. 76. The method of claim 29, wherein the binding module specifically binds to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, or any combination thereof.
 77. The method of claim 29, wherein the lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprises a plurality of lignocellulosic polymer detection probes, each lignocellulosic polymer detection probe specifically binding to a different lignocellulosic polymer.
 78. The method of claim 65, wherein the binding module specifically binds to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylan, mannan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof or a linear fragment thereof, or a branched fragment thereof, or an oligomer thereof, or a monomer and/or macromer thereof.
 79. The method of claim 65, wherein the binding module specifically binds to a glycoprotein, carbohydrate, or both, specific to a particular blood antigen, type, group, or subgroup.
 80. The method of claim 65, wherein the binding module specifically binds to a polyaryletherketone (PAEK), a polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polystyrene, a polytetrfluoroethylene, a polyvinylchloride, a polyamide, a para-aramid, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a glycoprotein, a protein, a phosphorylated protein, a modified protein, a lipid, a surfactant, lecithin, or a biosurfactant, or any combination thereof.
 81. The method of claim 29, said lignocellulosic polymer detection probe comprising a) a binding module that specifically binds to at least one lignocellulosic polymer and b) a reporter module that is spectroscopically detectable and wherein the binding module is a binding module polypeptide and the reporter module is a reporter module polypeptide that comprises a fluorescent protein and wherein the reporter module is not an antibody or a fragment thereof and wherein the binding module polypeptide is not an antibody or a fragment thereof; and measuring a property associated with the reporter module to determine the presence or absence of at least one lignocellulosic polymer in the biomass material based on specific binding of the probe to the at least one lignocellulosic polymer, wherein the fluorescent protein comprises Sirius, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, mAmetrine, Cerulean, mCerulean3, SCFP3A, CyPet, mTurguoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, Aquamarine, eCFP, TagCFP, mTFP1, AmCyanl, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, monomeric Azami Green, TurboGFP, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, eGFP, AcGFP1, ZGreen1, ZsYellow1, mBanana, EYFP, Topaz, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, Ypet, IanRFP-deltaS83, mPapaya1, TagYFP, mOrange, mOrange2, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOk, mKO2, mTangerine, mNectarine, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2, DsRed-Express, tdTomato, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed-Monomer, DsRed2, AsRed2, mStrawberry, mCherry, HcRed1, FusionRed, mRaspberry, E2-Crimson, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, TagRFP675, iFP1.4, iRFP(iRFP713), iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, iRFP720, iFP2.0, mIFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, LSSmOrange, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PATag RFP, Dendra2, Timer, PAmCherry, Kaede (green), Kaeda (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2(red), PSmOrange, Dropna, or any combination thereof and wherein the binding module is a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) comprising CBM1, CBM2, CBM3, CBM3a CBM4, CBM5, CBM6, CBM9, CBM10, CBM11, CBM12, CBM14, CBM15, CBM17, CBM18, CBM19, CBM20, CBM21, CBM25, CBM27, CBM28, CBM33, CBM48, CBM49, or any combination thereof. 